Reconstruction Lesson 1 Plans for Reconstruction Clash

Reconstruction Lesson 1 Plans for Reconstruction Clash Learning Objectives Explain the multiple reasons why a plan was needed for Reconstruction of the South. Compare the strengths and weaknesses of the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and Congress. Discuss Johnson’s political difficulties and impeachment.

Reconstruction Lesson 1 Plans for Reconstruction Clash Key Terms Reconstruction Radical Republicans Wade-Davis Bill Freedmen’s Bureau Andrew Johnson black codes Civil Rights Act of 1866 Fourteenth Amendment impeach Fifteenth Amendment

The Challenges of Reconstruction Even before the end of the Civil War, Congress and the President disagreed about how the seceded states would rejoin the Union. When the war ended, bitterness between the North and South was compounded by a power struggle between the executive and legislative branches of government. The issues that arose and how they were dealt with would have consequences for generations to come.

The Challenges of Reconstruction How to Reunite the Union How to Rebuild the Southern Economy How to Extend Citizenship to African Americans

The Challenges of Reconstruction Reconstruction – US Federal governments attempt to rebuild the South, return the South, and protect former slaves. - come in easy or with restrictions? Loyalty oath’s guarantee Freedman’s rights? Lots of problems Half of livestock and farm machinery gone ¼ of 20-40 year old white men dead 3 million Freedman without homes or jobs Who controls land? Sherman – 40 acres and a mule – stopped 13th amendment only freed slaves – no voting – no citizenship

The Challenges of Reconstruction Union troops celebrate their victory in a May 1865 parade in Washington, D.C.

The Challenges of Reconstruction Analyze Data What circumstances at the end of the Civil War help explain the proportional party representation shown in these graphs?

The Challenges of Reconstruction Analyze Maps Where did African Americans have some voting rights?

Competing Reconstruction Plans Even while the war was in progress, Union politicians had debated programs for repairing the nation’s political structure and economy. For President Lincoln, one of the first major goals was to reunify the nation.

Competing Reconstruction Plans Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan Radical Republicans and the Wade-Davis Bill The Freedmen's Bureau

Competing Reconstruction Plans Lincoln’s 10 percent plan – very easy on South Radical Republicans led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner thought South had committed crimes and be punished Passed the Wade-Davis Bill – Lincoln Pocket vetoed it. Freedmen’s Bureau – goal was to provide food, clothing, health care, and education for White and Black refugees in the South.

Competing Reconstruction Plans Lincoln meets with three of his top generals shortly before the end of the war in this 1868 painting by George P.A. Healy. Interpret Why might this painting be entitled The Peacemakers?

The Johnson Presidency and Reconstruction Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865, just weeks after his second inauguration. Lincoln’s death thrust his Vice President, Andrew Johnson, into the presidency.

The Johnson Presidency and Reconstruction Johnson's Plan for Reconstruction Black Codes in the South Conflict Between Johnson and Congress

The Johnson Presidency and Reconstruction Andrew Johnson – President who succeeded Lincoln in April of 1865. Wanted to forgive South as quick as possible, 13th Amendment and abolished slavery. That is it. One more – rich had to personally ask for pardon. South tried to rebuild postwar South Only whites vote Old Congress members sent back Passed black codes - laws that sought to limit the rights of African Americans and keep them as landless workers No land ownership – vagrancy laws Used violence and intimidation to enforce Republicans refuse to seat returning southern Congressman Passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 – federal guarantees of civil rights over State Governments – Johnson vetoed it

The Johnson Presidency and Reconstruction Analyze Information Which plan made it easiest for former Confederate states to rejoin the United States? Which treated those states the most harshly?

The Johnson Presidency and Reconstruction In this political cartoon, Andrew Johnson betrays the interests of an African American veteran. Analyze Political Cartoons What symbolism does the cartoon use to influence viewers' opinions of Johnson and African American veterans?

Congress Passes a Plan for Reconstruction As violence against African Americans in the South increased, moderate and Radical Republicans blamed the rising tide of lawlessness on Johnson’s lenient policies. Congress then did something unprecedented. With the required two-thirds majority, for the first time ever, it passed major legislation over a President’s veto. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 became law.

Congress Passes a Plan for Reconstruction The Fourteenth Amendment Johnson's Impeachment The Fifteenth Amendment

Congress Passes a Plan for Reconstruction The Republican Congress for the first time, over rode a Presidential veto and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 became law. Congress also passed the 14th amendment – guaranteed equality under the law for all citizens Gave former slaves citizenship Confederate leaders could not regain seats unless state adopted the 14th Amendment Congress then passed “Radical Reconstruction” – took reconstruction power away from President into their own hands Military Reconstruction Act – divded 10 Southern states into military districts governed by a General New Constitution that guaranteed suffrage for African Americans Ratification of 14th Amendment Then re-enter Union

Johnson’s Impeachment Congress also passed the Tenure of Office Act – need Senate approval to fire official Johnson tried to fire Edwin Stanton – barricaded himself in his office for two months House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson – charge with wrongdoing Stopped from being removed by one vote – but power destroyed anyway

15th Amendment Grant wins election in 1868 Majority of whites voted for his opponent Republicans now need to protect Black suffrage Pass the 15th Amendment – forbids any state from denying suffrage on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Loopholes – could have restrictions based on literacy and property qualifications…….

Congress Passes a Plan for Reconstruction President Andrew Johnson's relatively lenient Reconstruction policies angered Radical Republicans in Congress.

Congress Passes a Plan for Reconstruction Analyze Maps How do you think southerners felt about miliary rule by northern generals?

Congress Passes a Plan for Reconstruction Analyze Information Which president came closer to being removed from office? How can you tell?

Congress Passes a Plan for Reconstruction Analyze Information Based on this information, what was the overall goal of new laws and amendments during Reconstruction?

Quiz: The Challenges of Reconstruction What was one of the most important issues of Reconstruction? A. to determine how the representatives of Southern states would return to Congress B. to decide how to ensure that states repaid debts from the conflict C. to decide how the slavery issue would be resolved in the territories D. to plan how to move recent immigrants from crowded northern cities to southern farms

Quiz: Competing Reconstruction Plans What did the Freedmen's Bureau do? A. organize loyalty oaths by African American and white citizens in the South B. provide assistance to African American and white refugees in the South C. redistribute southern plantation lands to freedmen and poor whites D. register formerly enslaved people to vote

Quiz: The Johnson Presidency and Reconstruction How did Johnson's plan for Reconstruction compare to the plan of Radical Republicans? A. Johnson's plan granted more freedoms to African Americans. B. Johnson's plan implemented most tenets of the Congressional plan. C. Johnson's plan imposed harsher terms on southern states. D. Johnson's plan was more lenient with fewer protections for African Americans.

Quiz: Congress Passes a Plan for Reconstruction Congress impeached President Johnson for violating which law? A. Fourteenth Amendment B. Military Reconstruction Act C. Tenure of Office Act D. Thirteenth Amendment