Ch. 5 Partner work/review Where in the world are Ancient Egypt and Kush? What are some of the geographic landforms that help you identify where these civilizations are located?

Egypt’s Lifeblood: The Gift of the River and Predictable Floods pp. 101 and 103 Without the Nile River, the Egyptian civilization could not have ever developed in this desert region. Egyptians depend on the river flooding cycle every year for food : 1.It floods – silt builds up 2.Flood waters recede – plant crops in fertile soil; irrigate with canals and ditches 3.Drought – harvest crops that are stored for times of need Even today, Egyptians celebrate the start of this cycle with the holiday beginning Aug. 15 Mythology: Ancient Egyptians believed that the Nile flooded every year because of Isis's tears of sorrow for her dead husband, Osiris.

Uniting Egypt p. 106 Extra food meant that some people could leave farming to work in other occupations – division of labor and specialization Artisans (a skilled worker that practices a some special trade/job or handicraft), merchants, and traders began to play an important role in Egypt’s economy (getting what is needed in exchange for something else) Egypt’s natural (nature) protective landforms form barriers farmers can grow surpluses, extra amounts, of food which causes populations to increase

Forming kingdoms p. 106 Traders learn about ways of life and governments of other societies Increase in farming and trade -- Now more goods are available so villages along the Nile trade with each other Increase of trade with others -- Egyptian caravans start carrying goods to Nubia in the south; to Mesopotamia in the northeast; and other places outside Egypt’s border – Look at Early Trade Routes Map online textbook The increase of farming and trade causes a need for a government that will keep everything organized

Forming kingdoms p Weak kingdoms fall to stronger kingdoms Government organizes : 1.Construction and repair of irrigation ditches and dams (engineers) 2.Process for storing and distributing grain during famines (architects – design graneries) 3.Settle conflicts over land ownership Villages merge to form small kingdoms ruled by a king By 4000 BC there are two large kingdoms – Upper Egypt (in the south) and Lower Egypt (in the northern Nile River Delta) Narmer (Menes) king of Upper Egypt

Who was Narmer? P. 107 Led his armies down the mountains into the delta Conquered Lower Egypt and married one of Lower Egyptian princesses This unified the kingdoms – for the first time, all of Egypt was ruled by one king He established a new capital at Memphis which is a border city between Upper and Lower Egypt He governs both parts of Egypt from Memphis causing it to be the center of government and culture along the Nile and a VERY POWERFUL civilization How do these images show that Narmer was a powerful leader?

After his death His kingdom lasts a very long time creating the first dynasty (line of rulers from one family) There are over 30 dynasties organized into time periods known as the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom Egypt’s dynasty system created a stable and unified system of government = powerful civilization for many years!

Title: Ch. 5 Lesson 1 Review p. 107 #1-7 Complete all on a separate piece of paper Due Tomorrow Provide evidence for #7. Cite your proof from the textbook. Use quotation marks correctly. Notice the punctuation! Examples: On page ___ it says, “ ____.” This proves the Nile River is essential because _____. “ _____,” proves that the Nile was Egypt’s lifeblood because ____.

Chapter 5 Lesson 2 Life in Ancient Egypt p. 108 EQ : What makes the Egyptian culture unique? In other words, how is this culture different from the Mesopotamian empires we have already studied? Culture – ways of life; beliefs (government and religions) and interests (skills, artwork, and inventions) Unique – being the only one of its kind; not like any other

Egypt’s Early Rulers p. 108 c BC began the Old Kingdom, lasting for about 400 years. c.3100 BC c.2600 BC ____???_____ Narmer Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom unites Egypt began began During the Old Kingdom: Trade increased, causing a unified government and building of cities First Egyptian rulers were kings, later called pharaohs. Turn and Talk: Make connections between the terms: pharaoh, great house, Narmer, & dynasty

Pharaoh as Political Leader p Theocracy is when the political leader and the religious leader are the same. Egyptians were fiercely loyal to the pharaoh because they believed that a strong ruler unified their kingdom. The pharaoh held total power! He issued commands that had to be obeyed Wisdom and far-reaching leadership would help their kingdom survive disasters like war and famine Pharaoh appointed government officials, bureaucrats to oversee his commands. 1.Supervised construction and repair of dams 2.Irrigation canals 3.Brick granaries Owned all the land, so Taxes of grain were collected to pay for building projects Distributed land to officials, priests, and wealthy Egyptians whom he favored

Pharaoh as Religious Leader p Theocracy is when the political leader and the religious leader are the same. Egyptians believed the pharaoh was the son of Re, Egyptian sun god. Believed their pharaoh was a god on earth who protected Egypt. To honor him in public, people played music on flutes and cymbals and bowed their heads They had to make laws, fight battles, and carry out religious ceremonies to help the kingdom thrive. They were blamed if crops did not grow or disease spread. Example ceremonies: The pharaoh rode a bull around Memphis because the Egyptians believed that this would help keep the soil fertile. The pharaoh also was the first person to cut the ripened grain at harvest time to produce abundant crops.

1.Religion played a major role in Egyptian daily life. 2.At first each city-state had their own god but eventually it became more organized. 3.Temples were built to honor the gods. 4.Egyptians were polytheistic like the Mesopotamians, but Egyptians thought theirs were more powerful 5.Deities – gods and goddesses that controlled natural forces and human activities 6.Egyptians depended on the sun to grow crops and the Nile River for fertile soil – so, most important gods were the sun god Re and the river god Hapi 7.Deity appearance resembled both human and animal forms 8.Other Important and Famous Egyptian gods include: Osiris- god of the underworld; Isis- goddess of magic and life; his wife; representing faithful wife and mother Thoth – god of learning Horus- god of the sky; child of Osiris and Isis; is thought to have a connection to Narmer -- go falcons!! Religion in Egypt: The Gods of Egypt p. 110

Religion in Egypt pp Emphasis on the Afterlife Burial Practices 1.Egyptians believed in the afterlife. 2.They believed that life after death would be even better than the present life. 3.After a long journey, the dead arrived at a place of peace. 4.They believed every person had a life form called “ka” similar to a soul 5.When a person died the spirit or “ka” left the body but lived at the burial site. 6.When people died they were buried with things they thought they would need in the afterlife, like furniture, art, jewelry, clothes and food. 1.Thoughts about the afterlife shaped burial practices. 2.In order to keep the “ka” happy the body had to be well preserved. 3.They believed that the body needed to be protected in order for the “ka” to complete the journey to the afterlife. 4.If the body decayed after death, the “ka” would not have a place to live and would not survive in the afterlife. 5.They embalmed the bodies and made them into mummies. 6.Priests removed the organs, stored them in jars buried with the body. Then the priests covered the body with a salt called natron which dried up all the water in the body causing it to shrink. The body was then filled with spices and tightly wrapped with long strips of linen (mummy). The mummy was sealed in a coffin and placed in a decorated tomb. 7.This took weeks to do but was suppose to keep you happy in the afterlife. 8.Only Egyptian elite, rich people had nice tombs or pyramids. Poor was buried in caves or in the sand. 9.Even animals were embalmed – pets were sacred creatures that honored their gods and goddesses.

Anubis is the Greek name for a jackal-headed god associated with mummification and the afterlife in Egyptian mythology.

Book of the Dead p. 111 One of the most important writings of ancient Egypt contained prayers and magic spells to prepare for the afterlife. After a long journey, the dead arrived at a place of peace Osiris would greet you at the gate to the afterlife. If you knew the spell and lived a good life, you got in.

Medical Skills p. 112 Turn and Talk What do you think Egyptians learned about the human body by embalming? _______________

Medical Skills p. 112 Turn and Talk What do you think Egyptians learned about the human body by embalming? anatomy internal organs blood circulation other?

Medical Skills p. 112 Sewed up cuts and set broken bones First to use splints, bandages, and compresses First medical books -- Used papyrus scrolls to write down medical information/records

The Pyramids 1.Burial sites played an important part in the Egyptian afterlife. 2.Egyptians built amazing tombs to honor their rulers. 3.Most pyramids and temples were built (with taxes collected from people) during the Old Kingdom, about 2000 years before Christ was born. 4.Some are still standing today, The most famous are the Pyramids at Giza built for Khufu pharaoh from the 4 th dynasty in the Old Kingdom. 5.The Egyptians were considered among the best engineers of the ancient world. 6.They wanted to keep their pharaohs happy in the afterlife because they believed the pharaoh controlled everyone else’s afterlife.

3-2-1 Turn and Talk EQ : What makes the Egyptian culture unique? Culture – ways of life; beliefs (government and religions) and interests (skills, artwork, and inventions) Unique – being the only one of its kind; not like any other Religion: * 3*3* * Skills, Artwork, Inventions: 2 * * Government: 1 *

History Mystery You are a dead Ancient Egyptian pharaoh that has led a good, respectable life. You, like so many pharaohs before you, want to make it to the place of peace to live happily ever after. You have memorized your spell so that when Osiris greets you at the gate, you will be prepared. You have built a beautiful pyramid, that at this very moment contains all your worldly possessions that you hold dear. The only step left is to preserve your body for your ka. To solve this history mystery, label and describe several steps of the medical process that will prevent your body from decomposing. When the bell rings, please place your history mystery in the case file on the door. Case No. 605 Egyptian Culture Name ______ #_____

History Mystery

Homework: Web of 12 On your own, make a web that summarizes all you have learned so far about the Egyptian culture What makes the Egyptian culture unique?

Vizier – the most important court official and advisor to the pharaoh, Priests, nobles – rich, important families, bureaucrats –gov officials, army officers, doctors Pharaoh/ gods, pharaoh’s wife and family Traders, merchants, artisans, engineers, architects, scribes, teachers, shopkeepers Farmers, herders, fishers, foot soldiers Unskilled workers, tomb builders, slaves,