Obj: To determine how & why reform movements arose in response to social and economic change & to determine the impact of these movements on American society.

TOCQUEVILLE – RELIGION A POLITICAL INSTITUTION MEANING THE WAY RELIGIOUS IMPULSES REINFORCED DEMOCRACY & LIBERTY POLITICS MADE AVAILABLE TO ALL SO MUST RELIGION – QUIT PREACHING TO THE RICH BEGUN IN CT BUT MOVED WEST CAMP MEETINGS – 2 ND COMING NEAR & TIME TO REPENT; WERE EMOTIONAL OUTLETS CANE RIDGE, KY 1801

FATHER OF MODERN REVIVALISM CHARLES G. FINNEY DIFFERS FROM 1 ST G.A. BECAUSE REVIVALS NO LONGER WORK OF GOD BUT HUMANS EMOTIONAL RELEASE THROUGH PERSONAL TESTIMONY ACTIVE MIDDLE CLASS ALREADY HAS BOUGHT INTO IMPROVING SOCIETY MOST EFFECTIVE IN SMALL TO MIDSIZED TOWNS STRONG & ACTIVE CHURCHES DEVELOP

ACKNOWLEDGE SIN & SURRENDER TO GOD SALVATION AVAILABLE TO ALL INDIVIDUALS COULD OVER- COME DESIRE TO SIN – TRUE FREEDOM SERMONS NOT DOCTRINAL BUT ABOUT DAILY LIFE MADE RELIGION PERTINENT TO INDIVIDUAL’S LIFE INDIVIDUALISM IN RELIGION JUST AS IN POLITICS

UNITARIANS – JC LESS THAN FULLY DIVINE GROWS W/ OWN CHURCHES 19 TH C. & IN N.E. FEW CONVERTS OUTSIDE OF NE ATTRACTED WEALTHY & THEREFORE INFLUENTIAL MORAL GOODNESS TOOK TIME & BEHAVIOR SHOULD BE MODELED ON CHRIST’S LIFE NOT EMOTIONAL OUTBURST; CRITICAL OF REVIVALS AGREE THAT HUMAN BEHAVIOR COULD BE CHANGED J. SMITH PALMYRA, NY – HOW CAN THEY ALL BE RIGHT? APPEAL LAY PARTLY IN PUTTING U.S. AT CENTER OF CHRISTIAN HISTORY ORIGINAL AMERICAN RELIGION MET W/ HOSTILITY WHEREVER THEY WENT B. YOUNG TAKES OVER AFTER DEATH OF JOSEPH SMITH EVENTUALLY SETTLE UTAH TERRITORY 1847 MORMONS

PART OF THE UTOPIAN SOCIETY MOVEMENT ANN LEE FOUNDER OF SHAKERS & THRIVED IN BURNED OVER DISTRICT GENDER EQUALITY & CELIBACY ONEIDA, NY FREE LOVE & SILVERWARE UTOPIANS SOUGHT NEW PATH TO SPIRITUAL FULFILLMENT. ATTACKED ESTABLISHED INSTITUTIONS OTHER: NEW HARMONY & BROOK FARM - FAILURES

MARGARET FULLER – 1 ST FEMALE INTELLECTUAL THOREAU: CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE – MEX-AM WAR OPPONENT, JAIL W. WHITMAN: “I AM LARGER, BETTER THAN I THOUGHT. I DID NOT KNOW I HELD SO MUCH GOODNESS” PERSONIFICATION OF AMERICAN PEOPLE U.S. COULD PRODUCE AS GREAT LITERATURE & ART AS EUROPE: NATIONAL IDENTITY EMERSON’S CRITIQUE OF FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW

RELIGION BECOMES UNIFYING FORCE FOR MANY DUE TO INSTABILITY OF WORK & CONTINUAL MIGRATION OF FAMILIES % LABOR IN AGRIGULTURE 1850 LESS THAN 65% IN AGRICULTURE INEQUALITY OF WEALTH: SMALL UPPER CLASS & EVERYONE ELSE FEW RAGS TO RICHES STORIES, J.J. ASTOR, SUSTAIN POPULAR BELIEF OF RAGS TO RICHES BUT REALITY QUITE DIFFERENT POVERTY SEEN AS THE POOR’S FAULT BECAUSE IN THE AGE OF JACKSON SUCCESS WITHIN EVERYONE’S GRASP SO IF YOU’RE NOT MAKING IT, IT’S YOUR OWN FAULT IMMIGRATION OVERTAXED SYSTEM, UNPREPARED FOR INFLUX FREE BLACKS IN NORTH FACED DISCRIMINATION 1 RESPONSE WAS FORM OWN CHURCHES – AME & RICHARD ALLEN: 1 ST BISHOP OF AME CHURCH 1816

CULT OF TRUE WOMANHOOD – CATHERINE BEECHER, SPIRITUAL HEAD OF THE HOME, EDUCATION TO FIT “NATURAL ROLE”, NO LONGER SUBORDINATE TO HOME WOMEN TARGETED IN REVIVALS WOMEN HELD INFLUENCE AT HOME FINNEY ACTIVELY USED WOMEN: RADICAL AT THE TIME FORM VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS REPLACED WHAT FAMILY USED TO DO CREATE BENEVOLENT EMPIRE