Ring ON Pole Cup ON Saucer Telephone ON Wall Moustache ON Face Lady ON TV IM? UM? AUF? AN?

kkita put in kkitanohta put on 12 3

Superset Language: Language with 1 Lexical Term Subset Language: Language with 2 Lexical Terms put on nohtakkita English = Superset (“put on”) Korean = Subset (“nohta” and “kkita”)

Korean (Subset Language): English (Superset Language): x x x nohtakkitakkenayta put on take out Linguistic Condition “This is an example of _____________.” “Pick out other actions like the example.” 1 2 (Korean) (English)

Korean (Subset Language): English (Superset Language): x x nohtakkitakkenayta put on take out Linguistic Condition “This is an example of _____________.” “Pick out other actions like the example.” 1 2 Nonlinguistic an action

Linguistic Condition Example Item Instructions Hello. I am Miss Picky. I am VERY picky. I only like to do certain things. I like it when I can _______________________. put things on things nohta See?

Linguistic Condition Hello. I am Miss Picky. I am VERY picky. I only like to do certain things. I like it when I can _______________________. See? Nonlinguistic Condition Hello. I am Miss Picky. I am VERY picky. I only like to do certain things. I like it when I can do things like this. See? Example Item Instructions put things on things nohta

Does Miss Picky like to do this? Test Item Instructions (Miss Picky’s Friend Asks) Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Condition (The above question is asked for all the test items in each table. Test items were randomized once.)

About Ss 20 adult native English speakers (average age 19) 20 adult native Korean speakers (average age 25) About Item Presentation 4 Conditions (Instruction by Language). Instruction: Linguistic vs. Nonlinguistic Language: Korean vs. English 4 Videos of the 2 Tables made (1 for each condition). 10 Ss assigned to each condition. Each Ss saw both Table I and Table II. For each condition, ½ of the Ss saw Table I first, ½ saw Table II first.

Prediction(control test items) Actual Data (*Cells contain % Ss answered YES to “Does Miss Picky like doing this?”)

OR WHORFIAN PREDICTIONNON-WHORFIAN PREDICTION * Cells contain % Ss said “Yes.” Paired t-test  S.: p <  N.S.: p > 0.08 ACTUAL DATA:

OR WHORFIAN PREDICTIONNON-WHORFIAN PREDICTION Weights for the linear contrast: F(1, 28) = 1.81, p > 0.19 Not Significant F(1, 28) = 26.40, p < Significant Tukey Multiple Comparison: ANOVA (instruction x set x items) (instruction = Linguistic vs. Nonlinguistic; set = superset vs. subset) items effectp < instruction x set interaction effectp <

ITEMS EFFECT SLIDE *significant effect of Test Item Type TABLE I (English = Superset)TABLE II (English = Subset) put on take off take out 100% Yes40% Yes 90 % Yes40% Yes 100% put on 80% take off free description with another set of Ss: answer to question: 10% take off (80% take out) EXAMPLES FROM LINGUISTIC CONDITION

(Brown & Levinson) Language Gap Dutch Left/Right Preference Tzeltal (Mayan Language Spoken by Tenejapans) Downhill=North, Uphill=South, Crosshill=East/West

(Bird’s Eye View) Step 1: Ss memorize items Step 2: Ss rotated Subject Table 1Table2 Subject Table 1Table2 Step 3: Where is the fish, bee, and frog? Ss recreate “same” as Table 1. Subject Table 1Table2 Subject Table 1Table2 Step 3 absolute tendency (Mayans)Step 3 relative tendency (Dutch) (right side, north side) (north side) (right side in Step 1) (north side) (right side in Step 3)

Direction = Absolute or Relative Order = Absolute, Relative, or Error (Order of Animals) Table Adapted From Brown & Levinson (1995) RESPONSE-TYPESCORING Direction: (north, right) ->Absolute Order: cow-sheep-pigAbsolute Direction: <- (south, left)Relative Order: pig-sheep-cowRelative Direction: (north, right) ->Absolute Order: pig-sheep-cowRelative Direction: <- (south, left)Relative Order: cow-sheep-pigAbsolute Direction: (north, right) ->Absolute Order: sheep-cow-pigError Direction: <- (south, left)Relative Order: sheep-cow-pigError Animals placed north, left in order pig-sheep-cow on table 1. Below are some possible Ss response when recreating array on table 2. Inconsistent Absolute Tendency Relative Tendency Partial Error Table 1 Table 2 abcdefabcdef

Estimated Absolute Tendency = x 100 # absolute trials # total trials Graphs From Brown & Levinson (1995) Direction Order Direction Order Dutch (n=37) Tenejapan (n=27) Estimated Absolute Tendency (%) Estimated Absolute Tendency (%) Percentage of Subjects Percentage of Subjects Figure 4: Animals Recall Task: DirectionFigure 5: Animals Recall Task: Order

Brown & Levinson’s placement of tables for Tenejapans. Hill or house may serve as landmarks biasing Tenejapans to perform “absolutely.” (e.g. Ss use cues such as animal is towards or away from house.) Question: Is the Tenejapans’ response NOT result of LANGUAGE, BUT result of surrounding environment and landmarks? 12 House N (Downhill) S (Uphill)

12 House N (Downhill) S (Uphill) Tenejapans 12 Window Walnut St Library N S (room) Condition 2: IRCS Room BLINDS UP Placing Americans in a setting like the Tenejapans. Condition 1: IRCS Room BLINDS DOWN Placing Americans in a setting like the Dutch. Americans (University of Pennsylvania Students)

12 House N (Downhill) S (Uphill) Tenejapans 12 Window Walnut St Library N S (room) Condition 2: IRCS Room BLINDS UP Placing Americans in a setting like the Tenejapans. Condition 1: IRCS Room BLINDS DOWN Placing Americans in a setting like the Dutch. Condition 3: Outdoors next to a tall building. N S Church Building Locust Walk Open Field 1 2 Building Americans (University of Pennsylvania Students)

Condition 4: Relative Biasing Duck Ponds on the sides of tables as landmark. Condition 5: Absolute Biasing 12 Window Walnut St Library N S (room) 12 Window Walnut St Library N S (room)

Brown &Levinson (1993b) Percent of Absolute Trials % of Subjects Dutch Tenejapans Blinds Up vs. Down Percent of Absolute Trials % of Subjects IRCS Blinds-Down IRCS Blinds-Up

Brown &Levinson (1993b) Percent of Absolute Trials % of Subjects Dutch Tenejapans Outdoors Percent of Absolute Trials % of Subjects IRCS Blinds-Down Outdoors

Brown &Levinson (1993b) Percent of Absolute Trials % of Subjects Dutch Tenejapans % of Subjects Percent of Absolute Trials Relative Bias Absolute Bias Duck Pond on Tables

Pederson et al. (1998) % of Subjects % of Absolute Trials Japanese N=16 Longgu N=13 (-3) Arandic N=11 (-5) % of Absolute Trials % of Subjects Relative Ss N=20 -- city Absolute Ss N=41 -- rural Locality of Tamil Ss:

Maze Learning in Rats “Place-vs.-Response” -- which one is dominant? Place (absolute) Response (relative) Teach groups PLACE or RESPONSE. Which is easier to learn? or Experimental Variation 1. Training.2. Test turn preference when maze rotated 180° Response (relative) Place (absolute) or Experimental Setup