Who they are OccupationOccupation –Lawyers – 56 with JD, 49 practiced –Business – Various backgrounds, 7 with MBA –19 Career Politicians, 2 MDs, 2 Military, and various others Race, Gender, Personal backgroundRace, Gender, Personal background –Predominantly white, male, and Christian and straight Service vs. Self-interestService vs. Self-interest

Eligibility President: natural born citizen, 35 yrs old, 14 yrs residencePresident: natural born citizen, 35 yrs old, 14 yrs residence Vice-President: Same as President, but must be from different stateVice-President: Same as President, but must be from different state Senator: Citizen for 9 years, 30 yrs old and resident of stateSenator: Citizen for 9 years, 30 yrs old and resident of state Representative: Citizen for 7 years, 25 yrs old and resident of stateRepresentative: Citizen for 7 years, 25 yrs old and resident of state

Campaigning Candidate-CenteredCandidate-Centered –Result of tech advance and cost –Need for large campaign organization Raise money, get media coverage, shape image, conduct research and pollingRaise money, get media coverage, shape image, conduct research and polling –Less dependence on Party Increase in IndependentsIncrease in Independents

Strategy Political ConsultantsPolitical Consultants –Hired to create strategy and run campaign –Tend to be partisan, expensive Three Pronged StrategyThree Pronged Strategy 1.Viability and Appeal 2.Polling 3.Focus Groups

Issues and Problems Fraud –p–polling lists behind mobility: provisional and absentee balloting –m–mistakes may lead to disenfranchisement –p–possible solution: voter ID cards Computerized Voting –O–Optical scan vs. touch screen

Non-votersNon-voters –59.9 million people not registered in 1992 – most common reason; may be due to high mobility –No interest in politics, negative view of government, can’t make time, low voter efficacy How to get out the voteHow to get out the vote –Election day – Sunday?/National Holiday –Make requirement – illegal to not vote in Brazil –Appeal to direct participation: initiative, referendum, recall