Cells Review

Prokaryotic verses Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cellsEukaryotic Cells No nucleus Small and simple Unicellular Circular DNA (located in cytoplasm) No membrane bound organelles Reproduce by fission Sticky capsule Have nucleus Larger Unicellular or multicellular Linear DNA (found in nucleus) Membrane bound organelles Reproduce through mitosis and meiosis Some have cilia Both contain a cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes

Animal Cell (eukaryote)

Plant Cell (eukaryote)

Bacterial Cell (prokaryote)

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Cells

Organelles Nucleus Control center of the cell. Holds the DNA. Cell wall Surrounds the cell membrane. Provides structure and support. In plant cells.

Organelles Cell membrane Encloses the cell. Semi-permeable. Made up of a lipid bilayer and protein channels. Regulates what enters and exits the cell. Cytoplasm Watery material that fills the cell. Site where most of the biochemical reactions take place

Organelles Ribosome (tiny dots) Site of protein synthesis Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) Typically next to the nucleus. Transports materials inside the cell.

Organelles Golgi apparatus (looks like a stack of pancakes) Folded membrane that modifies, sorts, and distributes molecules (proteins) to where they are needed Lysosomes (“Lysol”) Digests and cleans up inside cell

Organelles Vesicles Aid in the import and export of molecules Mitochondria Site of cellular respiration (occurs in both plants and animal cells)

Organelles Centrioles Involved in cell division. Pulls chromosomes apart. Part of microtubules. Chloroplast (look for stacks of thylakoids inside the organelle) Site of photosynthesis (in plants/not animals).

c. Protein synthesis d. Energy production C. Protein synthesis D. Energy production

Macromolecules

Organic molecules Carbohydrates (C: H: O) in a 1:2:1 ratio Monomer: glucose (sugar) also known as a monosaccharide Polymer: starch, also known as a polysaccharide Function: used as a source of quick energy Indicator test: for sugar use Benedict’s solution. Will turn from blue  red, green, or yellow if positive. For starch use Lugol’s iodine. Will turn from a yellowish-brown to a purplish-black color if positive.

Organic molecules Proteins (HONC and small amounts of sulfur) Monomers: amino acids Polymers: polypeptide (protein) Function: structure and for guiding chemical reactions (enzymes) Indicator: Biuret solution. Turns from blue  violet if positive

Organic molecules Lipids (C: H: O) Monomer: glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains Functions: used for long-term storage, insulation, waterproof coverings, membranes (cell membrane) Indicator: Sudan IV solution. Will turn red if positive. Brown bag: will leave a grease or translucent stain (think of greasy French fries on a McDonald’s paper bag)

Organic molecules Nucleic Acids (HONCP) Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) Function: carries all the genetic information

D. Chicken Broth and Potato

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Enzymes

Biochemical catalyst that is a protein Makes chemical reactions within the cells possible. Enzymes are NOT changed. Not used up. Affected by pH of a substance and the temperature. Only work in optimum environments. Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Cell Growth and Reproduction

The Cell cycle

Chromosome Located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells made up of DNA and histone proteins.

Asexual reproduction Reproduction that involves only one cell (organism) Examples: mitosis and binary fission Binary fission: parent splits into two identical daughter cells

Homeostasis and Transport

Purpose of homeostasis is to maintain a stable environment Semi-permeable membrane: allows only certain materials to pass through. Example: cell membrane.

Passive transportActive transport Movement of materials across a membrane WITHOUT using energy Moves from high to low concentrations (or down a concentration gradient) Examples: diffusion and osmosis Movement of materials across a cell membrane USING energy Moves from low to high energy (or up a concentration gradient)

Facilitated diffusion Diffusion of particle that are too large to pass through membrane are assisted by proteins to get from one side to another

Diffusion of Particles

Hypotonic Solutions “HIPPO” Solute concentration OUTSIDE cell is LOWER (below strength) than INSIDE the cell (meaning that MORE salt is INSIDE the cell) Remember SALT SUCKS!!!! Water moves INTO the cell causing it to SWELL Cytolysis – animal cells bursting because too much water

Hypertonic Solutions “HYPER” Solute concentration OUTSIDE cell is HIGHER (above strength) than INSIDE the cell (meaning that MORE salt is OUTSIDE the cell) Remember SALT SUCKS!!!! Water moves OUT of the cell causing it to SHRIVEL

Isotonic Solutions “I SO HAPPY” EQUAL solute concentrations inside and outside of cell water diffuses in and out of cell at equal rates so cell stays the same

The Effects of Osmosis on Cells

Maison Bucka

Ryan Hancock Landon Carter

Active Transport Involves moving molecules “uphill” against the concentration gradient Going up the slide Requires energy May cause protein channel to Change shape

Active Transport continued…(Endocytosis) “pac-man” Cell membrane encloses particle  forms a pouch (vesicle) and pinches off into cell Pinocytosis (solutes/fluids) Phagocytosis (large solid particles)

Active Transport continued….(Exocytosis) Pushing substances out of the cell, such as the removal of waste Think of a zit

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