 Chapters 9/10 Civilization in Eastern and Western Europe

Post classical Period  2 major Christian civilizations take shape in Europe  1. Orthodox Church  Byzantine Empire  Constantinople (Capital)  Mainly found in Eastern Europe (Balkans, Ukraine, Russia)  2. Catholic Church  Western Europe  Spread through:  1. Mission work  2. Trade

Byzantine Empire  Began in 4 th century  Decline of Roman Empire  Constantine sets up capital in Constantinople  Constantine converts to Christianity  Built city on top of Byzantium  Latin was court language  Greek the vernacular  After Justinian Greek became the official language

Byzantine Empire advantages  Benefit from  1. Trade  Constantinople is ideally situated  2. Hellenized Egyptians and Syrians (What is Hellenized?)  Move into this area b/c can’t hold admin jobs in Rome  Bring highly developed culture  3. Highly trained civilian bureaucracy (Who else relied on this?)  4. Threat of invasion  USE OF GREEK FIRE (siege of Constantinople in 717)  Recruit armies in ME  Promise them land for service  Why is this important?  How was this different from the Roman Empire?  Beat back Sassanian and Germanic invaders

Greek Fire

Justinian   Ruled with wife Theodora  She was a courtesan  Known for:  1. Trying to rebuild Roman Empire  Belisarius invades N Africa and Italy  2. Nika Revolt  Greens and Blues  3.Rebuild Constantinople after riots  Hagia Sophia  4. Reform of Roman law  Justinian Code  5. Ravenna made a temp Capital  6. Increased taxes  7. Short lived conquests of N Africa/Italy

Justinian  533 CE Procopius  “At once villainous and amenable. Colloquially a moron. He was never  truthful with anyone but always guileful in what he said and did. Easily  hoodwinked by any who wanted to deceive him.”  What kind of picture does this paint about Justinian?

Byzantine society  Emperors resemble Chinese rulers  1. Head of church and state  Court ritual  2. Rely on bureaucrats  Open to all classes

Religious controversies  1. Iconoclastic controversy (Iconoclasm)  Icon defined  Venerated  and  Emperor Leo III  Banned religious icons  2. Great Schism  1054  Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael excommunicate each other  Orthodox vs Catholicism

Great Schism of 1054  1. Communication issues  Latin in the WestGreek in the East  2. Filioque  Nicene Creed should “and the Son” be added  Orthodox say no  3. Role of the Pope  Catholics he is infallible and has total authority  Orthodox he is not  4. Crusades  1204 Latins sack Constantinople

Nicene Creed  I believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible.  And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds; God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God; begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father, by whom all things were made.  Who, for us men for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the virgin Mary, and was made man; and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; He suffered and was buried; and the third day He rose again, according to the Scriptures; and ascended into heaven, and sits on the right hand of the Father; and He shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end.  And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life; who proceeds from the Father [and the Son]; who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; who spoke by the prophets.  And I believe one holy catholic and apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

Decline of the Empire  Period of major decline starts in 11 th century  1. Seljuk Turks  Take most of Asian provinces  1071 Battle of Manzikert  Anatolia is overrun  2. Slavic states emerge  3. Crusades in 1204  Appeal to West for Crusaders (Venice)  Turn on them and sack Constantinople   Constantinople is taken by Ottoman Turks

Spread of Civilization to Eastern Europe  Spread through:  1. Trade  2. Conquest  3. Missionaries  Cyril and Methodius (9 th century)  Byzantines sent to convert E Europe and the Balkans  Devise Cyrillic (written language for the illiterate Slavs)  Unlike W Europe Byzantines allowed use of local language in services

East Central Borderlands  Catholics and Orthodox competed here  RC-move into Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland  Regional monarchies prevail  Poland, Bohemia and Lithuania  Land-owning aristocracies developed  Jews move from ME and W Europe  Barred from agriculture but not local commerce  Maintain their traditions and education of males

Slavs  Slavs  Divided by  1. religion (RC or O)  2. language (Latin or Cyrillic based)  3 groups  1. Eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians)  2. Western Slavs (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Sorbs)  3. Southern Slavs (Serbs, Croats, Bulgarians, Slovenes, Macedonians)

Emergence of Kievan Rus  Slavic people from Asia migrated here  Mixed with and incorporated local populations  Possessed iron and extended agriculture in Ukraine and E Russia  Animist with strong musical and oral traditions  Scandinavian traders move in and open trade to Constantinople  Monarchy arises from wealthy traders  Kiev (855)  Ruled by Rurik (Danish Merchant)  Becomes a major trade center

Kiev  Vladimir I ( )  Contact with BE leads to conversion to Orthodox Christianity  Controls the church  Society in Kievan Rus  Peasants are free farmers (dominate society)  Boyars are aristocratic landlords (less power than similar Westerners)  Religion influenced by BE (Orthodox)  1. ornate churches  2. Icons (also devotion to saints)  Art dominated by religion (especially manuscripts)  3. monasticism (monks)  4. Almsgiving (wealthy obligated to the poor)

Decline of Kievan Rus  Starts in 12 th century  1. Rival princes fight for control (Succession issues)  2. Trade declined (decline of BE)  3. Asian invaders weakened the state  4. Mongol invasions (Tatars) 13 th century  Further separates Russia from W Europe  Did not interfere with Orthodox faith or daily life (paid tribute)  15 th century  Mongol control ends but religion and BE influence remained  Russians claimed they were the “third Rome”