Food born diseases

Instructional Objectives: At the end of the lecture the student would be able to: 1-Demonstrate the main clinical characteristics of food born diseases. 2-Point out the occurrence of the disease. 3-List the causative agent, mode of transmission, incubation period, and period of communicability of food born diseases. 4-List the main preventive measures of food born diseases. 5-Describe the control measures of food born diseases.

Terms applied to illnesses acquired by consumption of contaminated food. ( food born intoxicant &food born infections ) 1.Illness caused by toxicants elaborated by bacterial growth before consumption : (Staphylococcus aureus & bacillus cereus) 2. toxins elaborated in intestine (Clostridium perfringens) 3.Illness caused by bacterial infection with short incubation period ( salmonelosis )

Food born disease outbreak : Occurrence of illness within usually short but variable period of time among individuals who have consumed certain foods in common.

Staphylococcus food intoxication An intoxication not infection Abrupt onset Abrupt onset Severe nausea, vomiting, cramps, often accompanied by diarrhea Severe nausea, vomiting, cramps, often accompanied by diarrhea Some time subnormal blood pressure & temp. Some time subnormal blood pressure & temp. Self limiting disease,death are rare Self limiting disease,death are rare Most people are susceptible Most people are susceptible

Dx : 1. Clinical features,history &incubation period 2. In an outbreak recovery of large no. Of staphylococcus on routine culture media or detection of enterotoxin from an epidemiologically implicated food confirms the DX *Absence of staph. On culture of heated food does not rule out the DX

Incubation period: ½ - 8 hours, usually 2-4 hours Toxic agent: several enterotoxins of staph aureus Coagulase +ve stable at boiling temp Reservoir : humans in most instances occasionally cows as well as dogs.

Mode of transmission: foods involved are particularly those that come in contact with food handlers hands either without subsequent cooking or with inadequate heating or refrigeration: Source : (human) … Purulent discharges of an infected finger,eye,abscesses, naso-pharyngeal secretions or apparently normal skin (bovine) … contaminated milk or milk products

Prevention: 1.Education of food handlers in Strict food hygiene Strict food hygiene Sanitation &cleanliness of kitchens Sanitation &cleanliness of kitchens Proper temp. control Proper temp. control Hand washing Hand washing 2. Reduction of food handling time (initial preparation to service) to an absolute minimum 3. Temporarily exclude people with boils, abscesses or other purulent lesions of hands, face or nose from food handling

Salmonellosis It is bacterial disease commonly manifested by an acute enterocolitis It is bacterial disease commonly manifested by an acute enterocolitis Sudden onset of headache, abdominal pain,diarrhea,nausea & some times vomiting Sudden onset of headache, abdominal pain,diarrhea,nausea & some times vomiting Dehydration may be severe especially among infants &elderly Dehydration may be severe especially among infants &elderly Fever is almost always present Fever is almost always present Anorexia &diarrhea often persist for several days Anorexia &diarrhea often persist for several days Septicemia or focal infection may develop Septicemia or focal infection may develop Deaths are uncommon except in every young,very old,debilitated &immunosuperessed Deaths are uncommon except in every young,very old,debilitated &immunosuperessed

Infectious agent: About 2000 serotype : salmonella typhimuruim & S. enteriditis are the most commonly reported Occurrence : World wide World wide Incidence of infection is highest in infants &young children Incidence of infection is highest in infants &young children It may occur is small outbreaks It may occur is small outbreaks About 60-80% of all cases are sporadic About 60-80% of all cases are sporadic

Reservoir : 1.Wide range of domestic &wild animals: Poultry,,cattle,rodents, dogs, cats 2.Human i.e patient,convalescent carriers & mild unrecognized cases 3.Chronic carriers are rare in humans but prevalent in animals &birds

Mode of transmission : By ingestion of organisms in the food derived from infected animals or contaminated by stool of infected animal or person Raw or undercooked eggs &egg products Raw or undercooked eggs &egg products Raw milk &milk products Raw milk &milk products Contaminated water Contaminated water Meat &meat products Meat &meat products Poultry &poultry products Poultry &poultry products

Incubation period From 6-72 hrs, usually about 12-36hrs Period of communicability Throughout the course of illness Throughout the course of illness From several days to several weeks From several days to several weeks

Prevention 1.Education of food handlers the : a. hand washing b. Refrigeration c. Thoroughly cooking of food of animal origin d. Maintain sanitary kitchen 2.Educate the public to avoid consuming raw or incompletely cooked eggs

3.Exclude individuals with diarrhea from food handling 4.Educate the known carriers on the need for very careful hygiene &hand washing after defecation &prior to food handling 5.Adequately cook or heat-treat animal derived food prepared for consumption to eliminate pathogens

Control:1.Reporting2.Isolation a. Wearing gloves and gowns during handling of feces &contaminated bed linen in hospitalized patients b. Exclude patients from food handling b. Exclude patients from food handling c. Release to return to work requires 2 consecutive negative stool culture for salmonella collated not less than 24 hours apart

Note: if antibiotic have been given the initial culture should be taken at least 48 hrs after the last dose 3. Disinfection 4. Investigation of contacts 5. Specific Rx :uncomplicated :none except rehydration Antibiotics of choice: Antibiotics of choice: (Ciprofloxacine, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, TMP- SMX, Chloramphenicol )

Botulism

There are 3 types of botulism 1.Food born (the classic type) 2.Wound3.Infant The site of the production of the toxin is different for each type,but all shares in common the flaccid paralysis that results from botulism neurotoxin

DX:  Demonstration of botulinum toxin in: Serum, stool, gastric levage, and incriminated food  Culture of C. botulinum from: gastric aspirate, stool, of clinical case gastric aspirate, stool, of clinical case

Infectious agent: Food born …… toxin (heat labile) produced by C. botulinum Toxin is produced in:  Improperly processed,canned, low acid or alkaline food  Unpasteurized foods held without refrigeration especially in airtight packaging (Toxin is destroyed by boiling) (Toxin is destroyed by boiling)

Reservoir Spores are present in soil world wide Spores are present in soil world wide

Incubation period: Food born … hrs. some times several days the shorter the incubation period the more severe the disease &the higher the CFR the shorter the incubation period the more severe the disease &the higher the CFR

Prevention: 1-Ensure effective control of processing of commercially canned and preserved food 2-Education of those concerned with home canning regarding the: Proper time, pressure, &temp. required to destroy spores Proper time, pressure, &temp. required to destroy spores Effectiveness of boiling home canned vegetables for at least (10) minutes to destroy the toxin Effectiveness of boiling home canned vegetables for at least (10) minutes to destroy the toxin 3- Bulging containers should not be opened &foods with off-odors should not be eaten or even tested 3- Bulging containers should not be opened &foods with off-odors should not be eaten or even tested 4-Identified source such as honey,should not be fed to infants

Control 1. Reporting 2. Isolation :not required 3. The implicated food should be detoxified by boiling before discarding 4. Containers &utensils should be sterilized by boiling or chlorine disinfectant 5. Sanitary disposal of stool of infants cases