PERG Seminar Warsaw University of Technology, Collaboration of particle physicists with electronics engineers Grzegorz Wrochna Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies 3 Nobel’s in 10 minutes

In the 60-ties the most common particle detectors were bubble chambers. It was necessary to measure by hand many points on each pictures.

In 70-ties G.Charpak invented multiwire chamber - the first electronic particle detector

The marriage of physics with electronics was well appreciated by the Nobel committee. Georges Charpak was honored with the Nobel price in 1992.

Since then, particle detectors are build together by physicists and electronics engineers

for developing calculus of particle physics in the 70-ties Nobel Prize 1999 in physics Gerardus ‘t Hooft Martinus Veltman

The Nobel was given as late as 1999 because of the experimental confirmation calculus experiment

In the 1999 press release the Royal Academy promised the next Nobel for particle physics: When can we expect the next great discovery? An important ingredient in the theory 't Hooft and Veltman have developed is an as yet undemonstrated particle termed the Higgs particle. … But the only accelerator now under construction and powerful enough for more detailed study of the new particle is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN.

Nobel prize in physics 2007 for discovery of the Higgs particle at LHC

CMS experiment at LHC 1800 people 150 institutes 50 countries weight: ton size: 22 x 15 m mag. field: 4 Tesla electronics channels

Difficult environment l rad hard & rad tolerant electronics l Single Event Upset & SE Latch-up effects l high magnetic field (up to 4T) l low power dissipation allowed l RF noise, cross-talk, grounding problems Large system aspects l distributed system (~100 m) l compatibility of different components l limited access to some elements l high reliability required over ~10 years l ~always running (no time for maintenance) Massive (Tb/s), synchronous data transfer

Very little use of commercial devices Limited use of standard solutions Many custom elements l ~50 dedicated ASICs l ~1000 FPGA contents l ~100 custom boards (>99%) Large electronics labs involved l MIT, Caltech, UC LA, Ratherford, … Joint projects with major electronics firms l Honeywell, Vitesse, Hamamatsu, Lemo, CAEN,...

l Full development chain u task  algorithm  design   prototyping  mass production   installation  maintenance l Innovative approach required l Many subjects for MSc & PhD thesis l Collaboration with labs all over the world l Publications, conferences,... Educational aspects

u Radiation and magnetic field tolerant systems u Optoelectronics and data transfer systems u Detector control and real time systems u Packaging and interconnections u Electronics production and test techniques u Quality assurance and systems reliability u Hardware and software maintenance u Electronics for trackers u Electronics for calorimeters u Electronics for muon detectors u Trigger electronics u Low voltage and high voltage distribution u Grounding, shielding, cooling and alignment Sixth Workshop on Electronics for LHC Experiments Cracow, Poland, September 2000

CMS Muon RPC Trigger Task l recognize muon & measure its momentum Method l compare pattern of hits in RPC chambers with those of muons bent in the magnetic field Requirements l synchronous data transfer l 40 MHz pipeline processing total latency <2  s total latency <2  s l no dead time

CMS Muon RPC Trigger Laboratories involved in the project l INFN, Bari l KODEL, Seoul l Instutute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University l Soltan Institute of Nuclear Studies, Warsaw l PERG, Warsaw University of Technology