© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 1 Policing: Purpose & Organization CHAPTER 4

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 2 There are five basic elements of the police mission: 1. Enforce and support the laws of the society of which the police are a part 2. Investigate crimes and apprehend offenders 3. Prevent crime 4. Help ensure domestic peace and tranquility 5. Provide the community with needed enforcement-related services The Police Mission

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 3 Police are the primary enforcers of federal, state, and local criminal laws. Law enforcement is not the only responsibility of the police. Research shows only 10-20% of all calls to the police involve situations that actually require a law enforcement response. Enforcing the Law

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 4 While some offenders are apprehended during the commission of a crime or immediately afterward, many are only caught as the result of extensive police work. Apprehending Offenders

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 5 Crime prevention is a proactive approach to crime that involves:  Recognizing and assessing risks  Initiating action to eliminate or reduce risks  Working to reduce the public’s fear of crime Crime prevention relies partly on the ability of police planners to predict crime.  CompStat  CrimeStat Preventing Crime

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 6 In preserving the peace, police focus on criminal and non-criminal behavior. Many departments focus on quality-of-life offenses as a crime-reduction and peace- keeping strategy. A similar approach is based on the broken windows theory of policing. Preserving the Peace

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 7 People can easily contact the police when they are faced with problems. Police respond to emergency and non-emergency, non-law enforcement situations. Some communities have developed non- emergency numbers to supplement their systems. Providing Services

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 8 American law enforcement is very complex. There are thousands of different agencies involved in law enforcement, with not a lot of uniformity among them. Three major legislative and judicial jurisdictions exist: 1. Federal 2. State 3. Local Supplementing these are thousands of private security companies. American Law Enforcement

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 9 Federal law enforcement agencies are distributed among 11 government services. Additionally, many other government officers are involved in enforcement of laws through inspection, regulation, and control activities. Federal Agencies

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 10 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) FBI may be the world’s most famous law enforcement agency. It was developed in 1908 and called the Bureau of Investigation. It was designed originally to help the federal government investigate political and business corruption.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 11 The Mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) “The mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorists and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.”

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 12 Offices of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) The FBI is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and has 56 field offices and 400 satellite offices. The FBI also operates:  “Legal attaché” offices in other nations, to help coordinate international law enforcement efforts and information sharing  The National Computer Crime Squad (NCCS)  The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)  A Criminal Justice Information Services Division  A full-scale crime laboratory  A National Academy Program

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 13 The FBI and Counterterrorism The focus of the FBI changed as a result of the September 11 th terrorist attacks, centering now on counterterrorism efforts. The FBI maintains:  A Counterterrorism Division  A national threat warning system  Flying Squads  The Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF)

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 14 FBI Priorities 1.Protecting the United States from terrorist attacks 2.Protecting the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage 3.Protecting the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes 4.Combating public corruption at all levels 5.Protecting civil rights 6.Combating transnational and national criminal organizations and enterprises 7.Combating major white-collar crime 8.Combating violent crimes that have wide impact 9.Supporting federal, state, local, and international partners 10.Upgrading technology to perform the FBI’s mission successfully

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 15 State Agencies Most state police agencies were created in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.  Agencies were established to meet specific needs.  The Texas Rangers were the first. Significant diversity among different state agencies.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 16 Models of State Police Agencies Centralized Combine criminal investigations duties and state highway patrol Assist local departments Operate identification bureaus Maintain a criminal records repository Patrol highways Provide training for local officers Decentralized Separates state highway patrol from other duties Other duties performed by adjunct state-level law enforcement agencies

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 17 Local Agencies Local agencies include:  Municipal departments  Sheriffs departments  Specialized groups, like campus police and transit police

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 18 Municipal Police Departments Municipal police departments are city- or town- based.  Any municipality can create its own police department; not every one does.  Jurisdiction is within the municipality. While some municipal police departments have huge budgets and employ thousands, most are small, hiring fewer than 10 full-time officers.  Many utilize part-time officers.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 19 Sheriffs Departments Sheriffs departments are responsible for law enforcement throughout their counties.  Mostly patrol the unincorporated areas that lie between municipalities  Jurisdiction is throughout the entire county  Operate county jails  Serve court papers  Maintain security in state courtrooms  Most departments have fewer than 25 full-time officers

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 20 Police Management …the administrative activities of controlling, directing, and coordinating police personnel, resources, and activities in the service of crime prevention, the apprehension of criminals, the recovery of stolen property, and the performance of a variety of regulatory and helping services.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 21 Police Organization and Structure Law enforcement agencies are formally structured among divisions and lines of authority. Roles within policing generally fall into one of the following categories:  Line operations—field or supervisory activities directly related to daily police work.  Staff operations—include support roles, such as administrators and trainers.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 22 Chain of Command Police agencies are organized according to a quasi-military hierarchical chain of command.  Clarifies who reports to whom  Establishes unity of command  Span of control—the number of personnel or units supervised by a particular commander.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 23 History of American Policing Four distinct eras of American policing, distinguishable by the dominance of a particular approach to police operations. 1. Political Era (1840s–1930) 2. Reform Era (1930–1970s) 3. Community Policing Era (1970s–today) 4. Homeland Security Era (2001–today)

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 24 Police Epochs

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 25 Police Styles Types of police styles: 1.Watchman style 2.Legalistic style 3.Service style

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 26 Watchman Style  Typical of lower-class communities  Concerned primarily with order maintenance  Use informal police intervention to keep the peace

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 27 Legalistic Style  Enforce the strict letter of the law  Avoid involvement social issues that do not involve breaking the law

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 28 Service Style  Concerned with helping rather than strictly enforcing law  Use of community resources  Citizen involvement in identifying issues that need police attention

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 29 Police-Community Relations (PCR) Popular in the 1960s and 1970s.  Police derive their legitimacy from the community  Need for the community and police to work together  Increase greater police-citizen interaction

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 30 Team Policing Extension of PCR: Officers assigned semi-permanently to particular neighborhoods:  Officers familiar with the people and the issues  Crimes solved at the local level  Officers given considerable authority to process complaints

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 31 Policing as Corporate Strategy Some suggest that police departments operate like corporations, and that community policing is the newest strategy. Other strategies are strategic policing and problem-oriented policing.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 32 Community Policing Emphasizes police must partner with the community to help fulfill the community needs. Actively work with citizens and with social services to solve problems.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 33 Community Policing Involves at least one of four elements: 1.Community-based crime prevention 2.Reorientation of patrol activities to emphasize non-emergency services 3.Increased accountability to the public 4.Decentralization of command, greater use of civilians at all levels of police decision making

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 34 Critique of Community Policing  Too abstract of a concept  Hard-to-measure success  Difficult to conceptualize and quantify “citizen success”  Not readily accepted by all police officers or managers  Difficulty consensus with regard to what’s considered a “community problem”

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 35 Community Policing & Antiterrorism September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks changed the role of police departments, but the core mission has not changed. Close community-police interaction and communication remains important.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 36 Community Policing and Intelligence Office for Domestic Preparedness (ODP) of the U.S. Depart of Homeland Security community policing can:  Raise community awareness of suspicious activities, behaviors & events  Organize meetings emphasizing prevention strategies & vigilance  Inform the community on the means and processes for relaying information to the police  Encourage crime prevention, proactive policing, and close-working relationships between the police and the public

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 37 Scientific Police Management LEAA dedicated a lot of money to preventing and reducing crime.  The LEAA - $8 billion.  The LEAA abolished in 1982, spending did not impact the growing crime rate.  The LEAA started tradition of scientific police management—applying social science techniques to the study of police administrating in order to:  Increase effectiveness  Reduce citizen complaints  Enhance efficiency

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 38 Exemplary Projects LEAA’s Exemplary Projects Program recognized outstanding innovative efforts to combat crime and provide victims with assistance  Exemplary Projects served as examples to other police departments.  Examples:  Street Crimes Unit (NYC)  The Hidden Cameras Project (Seattle)  The Kansas City Experiment

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 39 Kansas City Experiment Tested use of preventive patrol on crime rates and citizens’ fear of crime. Experiment revealed that:  Crime rates not impacted by preventive patrol.  Preventive patrol does not impact fear of crime.  Directed patrol is a better way to productively use patrol officers.  Involves analyzing patrol techniques in light of scientific analysis

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 40 Recent Studies 1.Operation Ceasefire 2.National evaluation of Weed-and-Seed programs 3.Kansas City Gun Experiment 4.Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment Studies show value of scientific evaluation and accumulation of knowledge. Help establish the use of evidence-based policing.

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 41 Discretion and the Individual Officer Even as police agencies adapt to threats posed by terrorism, individual officers still retain a considerable amount of discretion. discretion = choice

© Prentice Hall 2008 Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 7E by Frank Schmalleger 42 Factors Influencing Discretion Factors that influence discretionary decisions of individual officers:  Background of officer  Characteristics of the suspect  Department policy  Community interest  Pressure from victims  Disagreement with the law  Available alternatives  Personal practice of the officer