Warmup: Look at this picture, then do the following: 1.Describe what you see: _______________________________________ 2.Are “producers” found in the picture? yes no If so, list the producer(s) here: ______________________________________ 3.Are “consumers” found in the picture? yes no If so, list the consumer(s) here: _______________________________________ 4.Name 2 other animals that live in the frog’s habitat that might eat the frog: ______________, _________________ 5.Name one animal that might eat the animal that ate the frog: ____________________________ 6.What might be an appropriate environmental science term for the list of animals you just provided? ______________________________ a frog eating a dragonfly (none) dragonfly, frog bird snake alligator food chain

3.3: Energy Flow in Ecosystems SEV1. Students will investigate the flow of energy and cycling of matter within an ecosystem and relate these phenomena to human society. b.Relate energy changes to food chains, food webs, and to trophic levels in a generalized ecosystem, recognizing that entropy is a primary factor in the loss of usable food energy during movement up the trophic levels. c.Relate food production and quality of nutrition to population growth and the trophic levels d.Relate the cycling of matter and the flow of energy to the Laws of Conservation of matter and energy. Identify the role and importance of decomposers in the recycling process. e.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem and describe how matter and energy move between these.

Review/Preview  name the 4 nutrient cycles we studied earlier in the unit: ________, _________, ___________, and _______  a cycle is a continuous use of an atom/molecule throughout various parts of the environment such as the soil, atmosphere, and living things (bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals).  the amount of these nutrients on Earth is finite (it never changes), so the cycles continue indefinitely  organisms also need a constant supply of energy (this is what you are learning about today)  energy flows, in different forms, from one organism to another (light, heat, chemical energy)  the amount of energy on earth varies, so an ultimate source of energy is needed to keep the flow going  to summarize, we say that energy flows and nutrients cycle carbon nitrogen phosphorus water

 the amount of energy on earth varies, so an ultimate source of energy is needed to keep the flow going  to summarize, we say that energy flows and nutrients cycle Part I: Life Depends on the Sun  the ultimate source of energy for almost all organisms is the sun  photosynthesis = process by which a plant uses sunlight, CO 2, and H 2 O to make sugar molecules  photosynthesis is the point at which energy from the sun enters an ecosystem  plants, algae, and some bacteria can capture solar energy during photosynthesis  the result of photosynthesis is the production of sugar molecules known as carbohydrates

 carbohydrates = energy-rich molecules that organisms use to carry out daily activities  sugars and starches are examples of carbohydrates  as organisms consume food and use energy from carbohydrates, the energy travels from one organism to another  plants, like sunflowers, produce carbohydrates in their leaves  when an animal eats a plant, some energy is transferred from the plant to the animal  organisms use this energy to move, grow, and reproduce

 when an animal eats a plant, some energy is transferred from the plant to the animal  organisms use this energy to move, grow, and reproduce

What are the 3 reactants necessary for photosynthesis to occur? CO 2, H 2 O, and sunlight

 when an animal eats a plant, some energy is transferred from the plant to the animal  organisms use this energy to move, grow, and reproduce  Part II: Energy Flow From Producers to Consumers  a typical example of a producer-consumer relationship:  when a rabbit eats a clover plant, the rabbit gets energy from the carbohydrates the clover plant made through photosynthesis  if a coyote eats the rabbit, some of this energy is transferred from the rabbit to the coyote

 in this example, the clover is the producer, and the rabbit and the coyote are consumers  producer = an organism that makes its own food (also called an autotroph )  consumer = an organism that gets its energy by eating other organisms (also called a heterotroph )  the clover, rabbit, and coyote all get their energy from the sun

 consumer = an organism that gets its energy by eating other organisms (also called a heterotroph )  the clover, rabbit, and coyote all get their energy from the sun  most producers get energy directly from the sun by absorbing it through their leaves during photosynthesis  consumers get energy indirectly from the sun by eating producers or other consumers

What is another word you can use for “producer”? autotroph

An organism that gets its energy by eating other organisms is called a ____________, or _____________. consumer heterotroph

 consumer = an organism that gets its energy by eating other organisms (also called a heterotroph )  the clover, rabbit, and coyote all get their energy from the sun  most producers get energy directly from the sun by absorbing it through their leaves during photosynthesis  consumers get energy indirectly from the sun by eating producers or other consumers Part III: Energy Flow in Deep-Ocean Ecosystems  scientists have found large communities of worms, clams, crabs, mussels, and barnacles living near thermal vents in the ocean floor  these deep-ocean communities exist in total darkness, where photosynthesis cannot occur, so where do these organisms get their energy?

Part III: Energy Flow in Deep-Ocean Ecosystems  scientists have found large communities of worms, clams, crabs, mussels, and barnacles living near thermal vents in the ocean floor  these deep-ocean communities exist in total darkness, where photosynthesis cannot occur, so where do these organisms get their energy?  hydrogen sulfide is present in the hot water that escapes from the cracks in the ocean floor  bacteria live in some of these organisms and use hydrogen sulfide to make their own food  these bacteria are producers and make their food through chemosynthesis  the bacteria are eaten by the other underwater organisms, and thus support a thriving ecosystem

 these bacteria are producers and make their food through chemosynthesis  the bacteria are eaten by the other underwater organisms, and thus support a thriving ecosystem

What compound do bacteria that live in the hydrothermal vents use for energy? hydrogen sulfide

 these bacteria are producers and make their food through chemosynthesis  the bacteria are eaten by the other underwater organisms, and thus support a thriving ecosystem Part IV: What Eats What  organisms can be classified by the source of their energy  producer/autotroph = an organism that makes its own food (plants, algae, cyanobacteria, etc.)  herbivores = consumers that eat only producers (rabbits, cows, sheep, deer, grasshoppers, etc.)  carnivores = consumers that eat only other consumers (lions, hawks, humans, etc.)  omnivores = consumers that eat both plants and animals (bears, pigs, humans, cockroaches, etc.)

 detritivores ( decomposers ) = consumers that get their food by breaking down dead organisms (bacteria and fungi, like mushrooms), allowing the nutrients in the rotting material to return to the soil, water, and air.

Algae is classified as a(n) __________, and mushrooms are classified as a(n) _______________________. producer detritivore (decomposer)

 omnivores = consumers that eat both plants and animals (bears, pigs, humans, cockroaches, etc.)  detritivores ( decomposers ) = consumers that get their food by breaking down dead organisms (bacteria and fungi, like mushrooms), allowing the nutrients in the rotting material to return to the soil, water, and air Part V: Cellular Respiration: Burning the Fuel  cellular respiration = the process of breaking down food to yield energy  occurs inside the cells of most organisms  the chemical equation for cellular respiration is essentially the reverse of the equation for photosynthesis

Part V: Cellular Respiration: Burning the Fuel  cellular respiration = the process of breaking down food to yield energy  occurs inside the cells of most organisms  the chemical equation for cellular respiration is essentially the reverse of the equation for photosynthesis  during cellular respiration, sugar and oxygen combine to yield carbon dioxide, water, and, most importantly, energy  most of the energy you obtain through cellular respiration is used to carry out your daily activities  every time you walk, breathe, read a book, think, or play a sport, you use energy

 most of the energy you obtain through cellular respiration is used to carry out your daily activities  every time you walk, breathe, read a book, think, or play a sport, you use energy  this energy is also used to make more body tissues and to fight diseases so that you grow and stay healthy  excess energy you obtain is stored as fat or sugar  all living things use cellular respiration to get the energy they need from food molecules  even organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis (producers) use cellular respiration to obtain energy from the carbohydrates they produce

True or False? Most of the energy you obtain through cellular respiration is stored as fat. False. Most is used to carry out your daily activities.

 all living things use cellular respiration to get the energy they need from food molecules  even organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis (producers) use cellular respiration to obtain energy from the carbohydrates they produce Part VI: Energy Transfer  each time one organism eats another organism, a transfer (flow) of energy occurs  we can trace the transfer of energy as it travels through an ecosystem by studying food chains, food webs, and trophic levels  these tell us how, as well as how much, energy is transferred (or flows), between organisms in an ecosystem  studying the paths of energy between organisms can also tell us which organisms in an ecosystem depend on other organisms to survive

 these tell us how, as well as how much, energy is transferred (or flows), between organisms in an ecosystem  studying the paths of energy between organisms can also tell us which organisms in an ecosystem depend on other organisms to survive

Each time one organism eats another organism, a _______________________ occurs. transfer (flow) of energy

Energy (cycles, flows) and nutrients (cycle, flow).

 these tell us how, as well as how much, energy is transferred (or flows), between organisms in an ecosystem  studying the paths of energy between organisms can also tell us which organisms in an ecosystem depend on other organisms to survive