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Most Missed Quiz (10 Minutes)

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Essential Question What different types of organisms are found in the Protist Kingdom? Standard B.8C - compare characteristics of taxonomic groups, including archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. PG 115

Collect Today Most Missed Quiz – Viruses/Microorganisms Notecard Sticker Sheet Assigned Protist/Fungi Quiz (Wednesday) Test Analysis Viruses/Microorganisms (Wednesday) Virus & Microorganisms MAKEUP Quiz (Wednesday) Virus Cycle Diagram MAKEUP Quiz (Thursday) Page 114 – Notecard Definitions (Friday) Late NOTHING

Unit 9 – Plant Systems Definitions Due Friday (2/26/16) All Parts Due Friday (3/4/16) 1.Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) 2.Anther 3.Cellular Respiration 4.Filament 5.Flower 6.Gametophyte 7.Germination 8.Glucose 9.Gravitropism 10.Guard cells 11.Hydrotropism 12.Leaf 13.Ovary 14.Ovule 15.Petal 16.Phloem 17.Photosynthesis 18.Phototropism 19.Pistil (Carpel) 20.Pollen 21.Pollination 22.Roots 23.Sepal 24.Spore 25.Stamen 26.Stem 27.Stigma 28.Stoma 29.Style 30.Thigmotropism 31.Transpiration 32.Vascular Tissue 33.Xylem 34.Mitochondria 35.Chloroplast PG 114

Domain Eukaryota

Protists

A protist is any organism that is not a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote.

Protists are eukaryotic. Some protists are unicellular and some protists are multicellular.

Protists are in the Kingdom Protista. In Latin, protista means “the very first”. Some scientists believe that protists were the first eukaryotic organisms on Earth that evolved from a symbiosis of several cells.

Not all scientists agree on how to classify the protists. The book classifies the protists according to the way they obtain nutrition.

The three groups of protists are: Animal-like protists – eat things and are heterotrophs. This method of classifying protists does not reflect their evolutionary history.

Animal-like protists are called protozoa. Protozoa means “first animals”. A heterotroph eats other things while an autotroph makes its own food. Animal-like protists are heterotrophs. Animal-like protists are distinguished from one another by their means of movement.

The four phyla of animal-like protists are: Zooflagellates – propelled by whip-like tails called flagella. Sarcodines – move via temporary cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopods. Ciliates – move using short hair-like projections called cilia. Sporozoans – do not move.

Animal-like protists are important to the oceans because they are the first link in the food chain in many aquatic ecosystems.

Phytoplankton are small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean. They provide a direct source of nourishment for aquatic organisms.

Some animal-like protists cause serious diseases. Here are a few: Plasmodium – causes malaria. Trypanosoma – causes African sleeping sickness. Entamoeba – causes amebic dysentery. Giardia – causes severe diarrhea and digestive system problems.

The three groups of protists are: Plant-like protists – produce their own food by photosynthesis. This method of classifying protists does not reflect their evolutionary history.

Plant-like protists are like plants because they undergo photosynthesis. Plant-like protists are commonly called algae.

The unicellular algae are divided into four phyla: Euglenophytes Chrysophytes Diatoms Dinoflagellates

An algal bloom is a huge mass of algae that grows and depletes the water of nutrients and oxygen. Sewage discharge into bodies of water causes them.

Multicellular algae are different than unicellular algae because they are multicellular. These types of algae are typically referred to as seaweed.

The three phyla of multicellular algae are red algae, brown algae, and green algae. They differ because of their photosynthetic pigments. Multicellular algae are important to the oceans because they are a major food source for life in the oceans.

The human uses of multicellular algae include: Used to make medicines for stomach ulcers, high blood pressure, arthritis, and other health problems Used in foods such as sushi, ice cream, salad dressing, pudding, pancake syrup, eggnog and candy bars Used to make plastics, waxes, transistors, deodorants, paints, lubricants, and artificial wood Used to make agar for culturing bacteria

The three groups of protists are: Fungus-like protists – obtain their food by external digestion (decomposers or parasites). This method of classifying protists does not reflect their evolutionary history.

Fungus-like protists live in damp, nutrient- rich environments. They get their food by digesting it outside of their bodies and absorbing food through their cell membranes.

Like fungi, the fungus-like protists are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter. Unlike most true fungi, fungus-like protists lack chitin in their cell walls.

The fungus-like protists include the cellular slime molds, the acellular slime molds, and the water molds.

Slime molds and water molds are important as recyclers of organic material. The dark, rich topsoil that provides plants with nutrients comes from the decomposition of dead animals and plants.

Some fungus-like protists can harm living things. Phytophthora infestans is the protist that caused the Great Potato Famine. In 1845, this organism killed about 60 % of the Irish potato crop, and in 1846 it killed almost the entire crop. This led to mass starvation resulting in the death of around 1 million people. Another million Irish people emigrated to the United States.

Essential roles that protists play in the environment are: Some live symbiotically within other organisms Others recycle nutrients by breaking down dead organic matter Many are eaten by small animals that are, in turn, eaten by larger ones

Algae produce much of the Earth’s oxygen through photosynthesis. About half of all the photosynthesis that occurs on Earth is performed by algae.

Summary: In 50 words, summarize what you have learned about protists.