Sunni schools of Islamic law: 1. Malikis 2. Shafi‘is 3. Hanafis 4. Hanbalis Qur’anhadith (stories of Muhammad and companions) mufti (jurisconsult)

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Sunni schools of Islamic law: 1. Malikis 2. Shafi‘is 3. Hanafis 4. Hanbalis Qur’anhadith (stories of Muhammad and companions) mufti (jurisconsult)

Variations from Sunni mainstream: Kharijites Shi‘ite groups:Isma‘ilis (with living Imam) Twelvers (with hidden Imam)

Rejected by most Muslims: Druze (awaiting return of al-Hakim (d. 1021), in Lebanon and Syria) Nusayris (a.k.a. ‘Alawis, followers of Ibn Nusayr (d. 868), associated with trinity of ‘Ali (God of Qur’an), Muhammad and Salman the Iranian, also in Syria)

Sufis tariqa = Sufi order wali = saint baraka = blessing

Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328), critic of pilgrimages “Sufi deviants” known as dervishes, from darvish = wandering mendicant

New Sufi tariqas: Naqshbandis, named after Baha’ al-Din Naqshband of Bukhara (d. 1398), popular in C. Asia and India Bektashis, founded by Hajji Bektash (d. by 1337), popular among janissaries, had similarities to Nusayris and linked to Turkish Alevi Shi‘ite movement Safavids, founded by Safi al-Din (d. 1334) in Ardabil (Persia)