C HAPTER 1 SECTION 1 Principles of Government

A RISTOTLE A scholar in ancient Greece, was one of the first students of government.

S TATE

NATION Any sizeable group of people who are united by common bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and sometimes religion.

E SSENTIAL FEATURES OF A STATE PopulationThe nature of a states population affects its stability TerritoryStates have established boundaries which may change as a result of war, negotiations, and purchase. SovereigntyThe key characteristic of a state; political sovereignty means the state has supreme and absolute authority w/in its territorial boundaries GovernmentThe institution through which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces decisions that are binding on all people living w/in the state.

S OCIAL CONTRACT THEORY One of the first to theorize on the social contract. Thomas HobbesJohn Locke Wrote that people were naturally endowed with the right to life, liberty, and property. Evolutionary Theory; the state evolved from the family

P URPOSES OF GOVERNMENT Maintain social order Provide public service Provide national security Make economic decisions

C HAPTER 1 S ECTION 2 T HE F ORMATION OF G OVERNMENT The relationship b/w a nation’s national government and its smaller government divisions can be described as either unitary or federal. Unitary ; gives all key powers to the national or central government. (ex. Great Britain, Italy, and France) Federal system ; divides the powers b/w the national gov’t and state gov’t. Confederacy Loose union of independent states

C ONSTITUTIONS AND GOVERNMENT A constitution is a plan that provides the rules for government. Purposes It sets out ideals that the people bound by the constitution believe and share. It establishes the basic structure of government and defines the government’s powers and duties It provides the supreme law of the country. *U.S. Constitution (1787) oldest written constitution still serving a nation today*

C ONT ’ D Constitutional government ; a government in which a constitution has authority to place clearly recognized limits on the powers of those who govern. (limited government) Constitutions are incomplete guides to how a country is actually governed. Most constitutions contain a statement that sets forth the goals and purposes to be served by the government; preamble.

C ONT ’ D The main body of a constitution sets out the plan for government. Usually divided into parts called articles and sections The U.S. Const. has 7 articles and 21 sections. Constitutions provide the supreme law for states Constitutional law ; involves the interpretation and application of the constitution.

P OLITICS AND G OVERNMENT The effort to control or influence the conduct and policies of government is called politics. Governing In A Complex World Because of great inequalities among countries, the world today is full of contrasts. Industrialized nations ; generally have large industries and advanced technology. Developing nations are only beginning to develop industrially.

PARI

C HAPTER 1 S ECTION 3 Governments can be classified in many ways; based on a key question: Who governs the state? Aristotle’s 3 Types of Government Autocracy; rule by one person Oligarchy; rule by a few persons Democracy; rule by many persons

A UTOCRACY Power in the hands of a single individual Oldest and one of the most common forms of government Totalitarian dictatorship ; ideas of a single leader is glorified & gov’t seeks to control all aspects of social and economic life. (take power by force) Monarchy ; king, queen or emperor exercise extreme power in gov’t (inherit their powers) Absolute monarchs Constitutional monarchs

O LIGARCHY Derives power from wealth, military power, social position, or a combination. (sometimes religion) Ex. Communist countries such as China; leaders in the party and the armed forces control the country.

D EMOCRACY Key idea; people hold sovereign power Direct democracy ; people govern themselves by voting on issues individually as citizens. Representative democracy ; the people elect representatives and give them the responsibility and power to make laws and conduct government. Republic ; voters are the source of the government’s authority. Requires citizen participation.

C HARACTERISTICS OF A D EMOCRACY Individual liberty Majority Rule with Minority Rights Laws enacted will represent majority, but protect minority rights Free Elections Everyone’s vote carries the same weight. “one person one vote” Competing Political Parties Political party ; a group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office.

T HE S OIL OF D EMOCRACY Democratic government is more likely to succeed in countries which to some degree meet five general criteria. Active Citizen Participation A Favorable Economy Free enterprise ; the opportunity to control one’s economic decisions. Widespread Education Strong Civil Society Civil society; a complex network of groups that exist independently of government. A Social Consensus

S ECTION 4: E CONOMIC THEORIES Selling advertising, providing a service or product to meet a demand, paying wages and taxes—these are economic activities Economics ; the study of human efforts to satisfy seemingly unlimited wants through the use of limited resources. People in every nation must decide how these resources are to be used. Governments generally regulate this economic activity.

T HE R OLE OF E CONOMIC S YSTEMS All economic systems must make three economic decisions. 1) What to produce 2) How to produce 3) For Whom to produce *Each major economic system in the world answers these questions differently*

C APITALISM Freedom of choice and individual incentives for workers, investors, consumers, and business enterprises is emphasized Characteristics of Pure Capitalism Private ownership/control of property and economic resources Free enterprise Competition among businesses Freedom of choice Possibility of profit

O RIGINS OF C APITALISM Major changes in the economic organization of Europe began w/ the opening of trade routes to the east in the thirteenth century. Free market ; buyers and sellers free to make unlimited economic decisions in the market place.

C ONT ’ D In 1776, Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher and economist, provided a philosophy for capitalism. Laissez-faire ; a French term meaning “to let alone”—government should keep its hands off the economy.

Free Enterprise in the U.S. Govt’s main purpose to preserve the free market. Government Influence Largest buyer of goods and services in the country Meat inspection act/pure food and drug act The Great Depression Mixed-Market Economy ; an economy in which free enterprise is combined w/ and supported by the government decisions in the market place.

S OCIALISM Government owns the basic means of production, determines the use of resources, distributes the products and wages and provides social services such has education, health care, and welfare. 3 Main Goals Distribution of wealth equally among people. Society’s control of all major decisions about production Public ownership of land

D EMOCRATIC S OCIALISM People have some control over government trade through free elections but government owns basic means of production.

C OMMUNISM Karl Marx ( ), socialist who advocated violent revolution Bourgeoisie ; or capitalist, own the means of production Proletariat ; workers, who produce goods Believed that capitalists were a ruling class because they used their economic power to force their will on the workers. All human history as class struggle Encouraged revolution.

C ONT ’ D Communism ; one class, property held in common, no need for government. Command economy ; government controls factors of production (what, how, for whom to produce). State owns land, resources, banks, and transportation and controls mass communication.