Rivalry and Conflict

War of the Grand Alliance (King William’s War) n n Alliance of 6 nations to stop French expansion overseas n British capture Acadia, but fail to take Quebec

LACHINE n 1689 n Iroquois, the British ally, attack Lachine. n 24 killed n 50 prisoners n 42 of 50 prisoners tortured and killed n Frontenac attacked English settlements in revenge.

1692 Madelaine de Vercheres n Iroquois launched surprise attack on the French farms. n Vercheres, 15, ran with her young brothers to the fort but it was empty except for two soldiers. n Pretended that there were many soldiers in the fort. n Help arrives days later.

D’IBERVILLE n n Led several assaults by land and sea against British trading posts. n Captured St. John’s NFLD

TREATY OF RYSWICK 1697 n Established French supremacy over the Hudson Bay area. n Captured territories returned

LOUISIANA n 1699 D’IBERVILLE ESTABLISHED A PERMANENT COLONY IN LOUISIANA NEAR THE MOUTH OF THE MISSISSIPPI.

War of Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War) n 1701 – 1713 n Three European countries form an alliance to prevent a French prince from inheriting the Spanish Throne

n British fail to take Quebec n French and their native allies attack 13 colonies… n But France is weakened

1713 TREATY OF UTRECHT n End of the War of Spanish Succession n Returned Hudson Bay area to the British n French lose Acadia. Acadians refuse to take an oath of loyalty.

LOUISBOURG n The French had lost Acadia. n To compensate they built the fortress of Louisbourg on Isle Royale (Cape Breton Island) n The Gibraltar of North America.

WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION n Charles VI, Emperor of Austria, died without a male heir. n His eldest daughter Maria Theresa succeeded the throne. n Prussian Frederick II annexed the Austrian province of Silesia. n France and Bavaria attacked Austria.

n Britain and the Netherlands helped Austria to stop French expansion in Europe (Belgian Netherlands). n Known as King George’s War in North America, the New Englanders attacked and captured Louisbourg.

TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPPELLE n This treaty ended the War of Austrian Succession. n Louisbourg was given back to the French

British Question… What to do with Acadia?

n Acadians have agreed not to fight against the British n But… they refuse to swear loyalty to the British. n Can they be trusted?

n ,000-10,000 Acadians are deported because they refuse to take the oath of loyalty to the British Empire. n Governor Lawrence ordered the expulsion. n Many of the Acadians move to Louisiana. Over the years Acadian becomes Cajun...

HALIFAX n Halifax is built as a fortress to counter Louisbourg.

SEVEN YEARS WAR n 1756 Outbreak of the Seven Years War. n France hoped to win in Europe and New France would have to defend itself. n Britain hoped to cripple France by cutting off its colonies. They’d fight for a draw in Europe.

GENERAL LOUIS JOSEPH MARQUIS de MONTCALM n 1756 n Took command of French and Canadien forces in New France

LOUISBOURG FALLS 1758 British capture the French fortress.

1759 QUEBEC n France defends New France by defending Quebec. n General Wolfe and 9,000 British soldiers attempt to capture Quebec. n Wolfe unable to crack the defences and is running out of time. Winter is coming and he must withdraw if unsuccessful.

WOLFE’S COVE n Wolfe is told about a small cove west of Quebec.

n Wolfe masses his soldiers on a flat area of farmland owned by a man named Abraham. n Montcalm could have remained in the citadel of Quebec but this would have been seen as cowardly - successful but cowardly… n Montcalm masses his men on wet ground. Troops can’t maintain their lines.

1759 QUEBEC n Both Wolfe and Montcalm are killed in the battle but Wolfe’s soldiers won. n Quebec was British!

n 1760 French Governor Pierre de Vandreuil Cavagnal surrendered all of New France to General Amherst. n Treaty of Paris 1763 ends the Seven Years War

Treaty of Paris n France gave up claim to: Canada, Cape Breton, Acadia n Spain gets Louisiana n Britain gets Florida n France gets St. Pierre and Miquelon (unfortified fishing station) This is causing troubles with the Hiberia Oil Fields 300 years later.

VOLTAIRE n Voltaire summed up the French position having lost Canada: n “It was a few acres of snow and ice…”

The End of New France