مهندسی سيستم‌هاي تجارت الکترونيک هفته سوم. مبانی مهندسی سیستم های تجارت الکترونیکی.

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مهندسی سيستم‌هاي تجارت الکترونيک هفته سوم

مبانی مهندسی سیستم های تجارت الکترونیکی

تجارت و سازمان‌هاي تجاري وجوه تمايز توليد با تجارت: –در توليد: فرآيند کلان: دريافت سفارش / خريد مواد اوليه، توليد محصول پس از توليد محصول و قراردادن در انبار، کار توليد تمام مي‌شود. –در تجارت: خريد محصول، فروش محصول،‌ حمل محصول، تحويل محصول،... فعاليت تجاري در اصل پس از توليد محصول صورت مي‌پذيرد.

مروری بر مفاهیم کسب و کار تجاری تجارت: –عمل تبادل يا داد و ستد کالا و خدمات براي تامين نيازهاي مشتريان –زمينه و نوع خاصي از کسب و کار –مشتمل بر طيف خاصي از فعاليت‌هاي کاري –حجم وسيعي از فعاليت‌ها و کسب و کارها، مبتني بر فعاليت تجاري است.

مشخصات و ساختار فعالیت های تجاری افعال فعالیت های تجاری –خرید شناخت نیاز/ انطباق نیاز/ جستجو/ انتخاب/ سفارش/ پرداخت/ دریافت/ احراز هویت کالا/ احراز هویت فروشنده/ اعتبارسنجی/.... –فروش عرضه/ بازاریابی/ تبلیغات/دریافت سفارش/ تامین سفارش/ تحویل/ احراز هویت خریدار/ اعتبارسنجی خریدار/.... اقلام فعالیت های تجاری –کالا –خدمات –بسته های کالا و خدمات

عناصر اصلی در فرآیندهای انجام فعالیت های تجاری شناخت و تعریف نیازمندی انطباق (کالا و خدمات با نیاز) جستجو سفارش حمل و نقل پرداخت مدیریت موجودی احراز هویت اشخاص احراز اصالت کالا اعتماد شهرت...

مروری بر مفاهیم کسب و کار تجاری انواع اشخاص و طرفها در کسب و کار تجاری: –اشخاص (C) –بنگاه یا سازمان (B) –دولت ها (G) –بازارها (M or E) –سایر انواع کسب و کار تجاری –تجارت فرد با فرد (C2C) –تجارت فرد با بنگاه (C2B) –تجارت بنگاه با بنگاه (B2B) –...

اصول و قواعد اساسی در کسب و کار تجاری اصول و قواعد تجارت مبتنی بر نوع کالا و خدمت –اصول شرعی و فقهی در انجام معاملات و تجارت –استانداردهای نگهداری و حمل کالا –استانداردهای ارائه خدمات انواع معاملات و روش های انجام تجارت –مکانیزم های مختلف داد و ستد کالا و خدمات (انواع عقود و قرارداد و...) الزامات و ترتیبات حقوقی تجارت –حقوق خریدار کالا یا خدمات –حقوق فروشنده کالا یا خدمات ترتیبات مالی تجارت –انواع روش های تامین و تبادل مالی در تجارت

اصول و قواعد اساسی در کسب و کار تجاری چالش بزرگ! –دانش و اصول موجود در زمینه تجارت مبتنی بر تجارت در عرصه و فضای فیزیکی است. –عدم کارایی بسیاری از موارد قواعد و اصول تجاری موجود برای تجارت در فضای الکترونیکی –جدید بودن زمینه خدمات الکترونیکی به عنوان نوع جدیدی از خدمت و عدم شناخت کافی از ماهیت آن –عدم وجود دانش و اصول کافی برای تجارت خدمات الکترونیکی زمینه بسیار مناسب برای تحقیق !!!

مروری بر مفاهیم کسب و کار تجاری سازمان تجاري: –سيستم سازماني، که ماموريت آن انجام تجارت در حوزه مشخصي از کالا و خدمات مي‌باشد.

اهميت آشنايي با موضوع تجارت و سازمان‌هاي تجاري سازمان: –محيط هر سامانه فناوري اطلاعات –جامعه کاربران هر سامانه فناوري اطلاعات نکته: –براي شناخت نياز، تجزيه و تحليل و طراحي هر سامانه فناوري اطلاعات، احتياج به شناخت نوع و طبيعت کاري استفاده‌کننده از سامانه و نيازهاي مختلف او براي انجام کار خواهيم داشت. –يکي از رويکردها در توسعه سيستم‌هاي تجارت الکترونيک، الکترونيکي نمودن يا مکانيزه نمودن سازمان‌هاي تجاري موجود مي‌باشد.

مثال اوليه از کاربرد تجارت الکترونيک

13 Qantas Airways A New Way to Compete The Problem –Increased fuel costs placed pressure on the airline industry –Qantas faced two major competitors and higher fees at Sydney Airport –Air traffic dwindled after September 11 th –Qantas needed to replace aircraft in order to stay competitive –Australian economy slowed down

14 Qantas Airways (cont.) The Solution –Bought fuel contracts for future dates (traditional response) –Took major steps to implement e- commerce (EC) involving buying, selling, and exchanging goods, services, information, and payments electronically

15 Qantas Airways (cont.) E-marketplace member Joined Airnew Co.—links major airlines with suppliers –Fuel –Fuel services –Light maintenance services –Catering Joined Corporcure.com.au with 13 other large Australian corporations Electronically purchase general goods and services –Office supplies –Light bulbs –Maintenance services Business-to-business (B2B)

16 Qantas Airways (cont.) Formed Pan-Pacific exchange –E-marketplace –Business-to-business-to-consumer (B2B2C) –Provides Full spectrum travel services Products and services to business partners –Travel agencies who can use this marketplace to sell directly to consumers

17 Qantas Airways (cont.) Business-to-customer (B2C): –Online booking s to frequent-flyer members Mileage bonuses and opportunities to win $10,000 AU –Wireless communications Business-to-employee (B2E): –Online training –Online banking

18 Qantas Airways (cont.) The Results –Qantas expects to see an estimated $85 million AU in cost reductions per year by 2003 –Qantas expects to increase annual revenues by $700 million AU from nontravel sales –Outlasted one competitor

EC Definitions & Concepts

20 EC Definitions & Concepts Electronic Commerce (EC) is the process of buying, selling, or exchanging products, services, and information via computer networks EC defined from these perspectives –Communications –Business process –Service –Online –Collaborations –Community

21 EC Definitions & Concepts (cont.) E-business is a broader definition of EC that includes not just the buying and selling of goods and services, but also –Servicing customers –Collaborating with business partners –Conducting electronic transactions within an organization –Pure vs. Partial EC: based on the degree of digitization of product, process, delivery agent

22 Exhibit 1.1 The Dimensions of Electronic Commerce

23 EC Definitions & Concepts (cont.) –Traditional commerce: all dimensions are physical Brick-and-mortar organizations –Old-economy organizations (corporations) –Perform all business off-line –Sell physical products by means of physical agents

24 EC Definitions & Concepts (cont.) –Pure EC: all dimensions are digital Pure online (virtual) organizations New-economy organization Sell products or services only online –Partial EC: a mix of digital and physical dimensions Click-and-mortar organizations Conduct EC activities Do their primary business in the physical world

25 EC Definitions & Concepts (cont.) Internet vs. Non-Internet EC –VANs—value-added networks –LANs—local area networks –Single computerized machines Using a smart card in a vending machine Using a cell phone to make an online purchase

26 Electronic Markets vs. Interorganizational Systems E-markets Buyers and sellers meet to exchange Goods Services Money Information Interorganizational Information Systems (IOS) Between two or more organizations Routine transaction processing Information flow

27 Exhibit 1.2 A Framework for EC

Classification of EC by the Nature of the Transaction

29 Classification of EC by the Nature of the Transaction Business-to-business (B2B) : – EC model in which all of the participants are businesses or other organizations Business-to-consumer (B2C): – EC model in which businesses sell to individual shoppers Business-to-business-to-consumer (B2B2C): – EC model in which a business provides some product or service to a client business; – the client business maintains its own customers, to whom the product or service is provided

30 Classification of EC by the Nature of the Transaction (cont.) Consumer-to-business(C2B): – individuals who use the Internet to sell products or services to organizations and /or seek sellers to bid on products or services they need Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) : – consumers sell directly to other consumers

31 Classification of EC by the Nature of the Transaction (cont.) Mobile commerce (m-commerce) – EC transactions and activities conducted in a wireless environment Location-commerce (l-commerce) – m-commerce transactions targeted to individuals in specific locations, at specific times

32 Classification of EC by the Nature of the Transaction (cont.) Intrabusiness (organizational) EC: – EC category that includes all internal organizational activities that involve the exchange of goods, services, or information among various units and individuals in an organization

33 Classification of EC by the Nature of the Transaction (cont.) Business-to-employee (B2E): – EC model in which an organization delivers services, information, or products to its individual employees Collaborative commerce (c-commerce): – EC model in which individual or groups communicate or collaborate online E-government: Government-to-citizens (G2C): – EC model in which a government entity buys or provides good, services, or information to businesses or individual citizens

34 Classification of EC by the Nature of the Transaction (cont.) Exchange (electronic): – a public e-market with many buyers and sellers Exchange-to-exchange (E2E): – EC model in which electronic exchanges formally connect to one another for the purpose of exchanging information

35 Marketing Computer sciences Consumer behavior and psychology Finance Economics Management information systems Accounting and auditing Management Business law and ethics Others Interdisciplinary Nature of EC

طرح کسب و کار سازماني

مفهوم و اهداف طرح کسب و کار سازماني طرح و کسب و کار سازماني سندي است که در آن : –مشخصات محصول ( خدمات يا کالا ) جهت کسب در آمد معرفي مي ‌ گردد. –فرآيند و ساختار سازماني مورد نياز جهت توليد محصول پيشنهادي مشخص و معين مي ‌ گردد. –نحوه کسب درآمد براي بقاي سازمان و خوداتکايي آن مشخص و توجيه مي ‌ گردد. –هزينه ‌ هاي راه ‌ اندازي کسب و کار بيان و توجيه مي ‌ گردد. –بسترهاي مورد نياز براي راه ‌ اندازي کسب و کار مشخص مي ‌ گردد. –و...

اجزاي موضوعي طرح کسب و کار خلاصه مديريتي اندازه کسب و کار فرآيند توليد محصول / ارائه خدمات ساختار سازماني محصولات و خدمات –معرفي محصولات و خدمات –هم سنجي رقابتي

اجزاي موضوعي طرح کسب و کار تحليل بازار (Market Analysis) –تقسيم بندي بازار –توان بازار و نوع مشتريان –راهبرد تعيين بازار هدف –مشخصات بازار خدمات –مشخصات بازار کالا ارزيابی خطرپذيری (Risk Evaluation) – نقاط ضعف کسب و کار – ارزيابی خطرپذيری در ارتباط با فنّاوری

اجزاي موضوعي طرح کسب و کار برنامه اجرايی (Implementation Plan) – فرآيند توليد محصول / ارائه خدمات – محل اجراء –تجهيزات و ماشين آلات مورد نياز –تامين کنندگان مواد اوليه برنامه ريزی مالی (Financial Plan) – پيش بينی حساب سود و زيان –پيش بينی جريان نقدينگی –منابع تامين و کاربرد سرمايه

اجزاي موضوعي طرح کسب و کار –هزينه ابزارو تجهيزات ( جهت راه ‌ اندازي کسب و کار ) –هزينه کل ( جهت راه ‌ اندازي کسب و کار )

جايگاه طرح کسب و کار سازماني نسبت به کل سازمان نکته : – با توجه به اجزاي مفهومي طرح کسب و کار سازماني مي ‌ توان آن را زيرمجموعه ‌ اي از کل يک سازمان دانست. نتيجه : – هر سيستم سازماني مي ‌ تواند بستر و محمل اجرايي چندين کسب و کار سازماني باشد. نکته : –هر سيستم سازماني ( از جمله سازمان ‌ هاي تجاري ) در ابتداي ايجاد بايد حداقل داراي يک طرح کسب و کار سازماني باشند.

جايگاه طرح کسب و کار سازماني نسبت به کل سازمان نکته : –هر سازمان پس از ايجاد و راه ‌ اندازي، مي ‌ تواند در درون خود کسب و کارهاي جديدي را ايجاد، يا کسب و کارهاي قبلي خود را تغيير يا حتي تعطيل نمايد. –ايجاد کسب و کارهاي جديد در يک سازمان، مي ‌ تواند مولفه ‌ اي از توسعه آن سازمان به حساب آيد.

مدل های کسب و کار (Business Models)

45 A method of doing business by which a company can generate revenue to sustain itself Spells out where the company is positioned in the value chain Business models are a component of a business plan or a business case Business Models

46 Business Plans & Business Cases Business plan A written document that identifies the business goals and outlines the plan of how to achieve them Business case A written document that is used by managers to garner funding for specific applications or projects; its major emphasis is the justification for a specific investment

47 The Content of a Business Plan Mission statement and company description The management team The market and the customers The industry and competition The specifics of the products and/or services Marketing and sales plan Operations plan Financial projections and plans Risk analysis Technology analysis

48 Structure of Business Models – Transaction fees – Subscription fees – Advertisement fees – Affiliate fees – Sales – Other models All business models must specify their revenue model (the description of how the company or an EC project will earn revenue) Revenue sources are Value proposition is the description of the benefits a company can derive from using EC

49 Typical Business Models in EC Online, direct marketing Electronic tendering systems – Reverse auction is a tendering system sellers are invited to bid on the fulfillment of an order to produce a product or provide a service; the lowest bid wins Name your own price Find the best price

50 Typical Business Models in EC (cont.) Affiliate marketing – is an arrangement whereby a marketing partner (business, organization or individual) refers consumers to the selling company’s Web site Viral marketing – is word-or-mouth marketing in which customers promote a product or service to friends or other people by using the Internet

51 Typical Business Models in EC (cont.) Group purchasing – is getting many small buyers together to by in large quantities Online auctions Product and service customization Customization is the creation of a product or service according to the buyer’s specifications Electronic marketplaces and exchanges Vertical marketplace is a marketplace that concentrates on one industry; also called vertical portals or vortals Supply chain improvers

52 Exhibit 1.3 The Business Model of 7dream.com

53 The Limitations of EC Technical limitations – There is a lack of universally accepted standards for quality, security, and reliability – The telecommunications bandwidth is insufficient – Software development tools are still evolving – There are difficulties in integrating the Internet and EC software with some existing (especially legacy) applications and databases. – Special Web servers in addition to the network servers are needed (added cost). – Internet accessibility is still expensive and/or inconvenient