Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Chapter 17

The Heart  Myocardium: Heart muscle cells  Atrium: Upper chambers of the heart, left and right  Ventricles: Lower chambers of the heart, left and right  Septum: Divides heart into two halves

The Heart  Pacemaker: Controls the rate at which your heart beats (muscle contracts).

The Path of Blood 1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium. 2. Blood is then pumped to the right ventricle. 3. Blood is then pumped to the lungs to get oxygen. 4. Oxygenated blood goes to the left atrium from the lungs.

The Path of Blood 5. Blood is then pumped to the left ventricle. 6. Blood then goes out to the body tissue in need of oxygenated blood.

THE HEART

Supporting Videos  ECG (EKG): /Electrocardiogram.htm /Electrocardiogram.htm /Electrocardiogram.htm  How the Heart Works: /How-the-Heart-Functions.htm /How-the-Heart-Functions.htm /How-the-Heart-Functions.htm

The Physiology of Blood  Plasma: 55% of total blood volume, made up of 92% water. Carries the proteins, salts, chemicals, red and white blood cells.  Red Blood Cells: Oxygen carrying cells in blood  Hemoglobin: The oxygen carrying part of the RBC

The Physiology of Blood  White Blood Cells: Larger than RBC, but fewer in number. Used to fight infection. WBC increases when an infection is being fought.  Blood Platelets: Smallest blood cell, preventing loss of blood by its clotting factor. These begin the process of scab formation.

Blood Vessels  Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (LV)  Capillaries: Small vessels that carry blood to smaller blood vessels and tissues.  Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (RA)

Lymphatic System  Drains tissue fluid into the bloodstream and helps fight infection.  Lymph: Fluid transported in lymphatic system (proteins, fats, WBC)  Lymphocytes: WBC that protect body against pathogens  Lymph Nodes: Swell when body is fighting infection

Types of WBC  B Cells: produce antibodies  Helper T: release toxins to destroy pathogens  Killer T: Aid the B and Helper T cells and control other immune system response

Blood Pressure  Systolic: Ventricular Contraction  Diastolic: Ventricular Relaxation The best way to improve BP is aerobic exercise and diet. Sodium is the #1 dietary cause of High BP. Medication should be a last option.

Heart Problems  Congenital: Created from birth  Heart Murmur: Regurgitation of blood flowing back through valve not completely sealed.  Varicose Veins: Swollen, enlarged veins caused by pooling blood. Standing a lot can lead to varicose veins.

Supporting Videos  Thrombosis: hrombosis.htm hrombosis.htm hrombosis.htm  Heart Attack: /Heart-Attack.htm /Heart-Attack.htm /Heart-Attack.htm

Diseases of the Blood  Anemia: hemoglobin levels in blood abnormally low, often giving a yellowish skin.  Leukemia: cancer of the WBC in the bone marrow. Can be treated with a transplant.  Hemophilia: deficiency of blood protein causing blood not to clot. It is genetic.

Lymphatic Problems  Immune Deficiency: the bodies inability to fight disease effectively. Can be congenital, inherited or acquired disease.  Hodgkin’s Disease: Cancer of the lymphatic system, can be treated with radiation.  Tonsillitis: tonsils become infected and swollen.

The Respiratory System

The Lung = Tree Analogy

 Trachea = Tree Trunk  Bronchi (plural for Bronchus) = Large branches off tree trunk  Bronchioles = Twig branches  Alveoli = Leaves = the point of chemical exchange for both human and tree

Respiratory System  Respiration: exchange of gases between body and environment  Diaphragm: muscle which causes you to breathe  What other muscles help us breathe, specifically during exercise?

Anatomy of the Lungs  Lobes: large section containing bronchioles and alveoli  Bronchioles: tubes that leading from bronchus to alveoli  Alveoli: small sacs that allow CO2 and O2 to be exchanged  Pharynx: your throat  Trachea: wind pipe  Bronchi: airways connecting trachea to the lungs

Anatomy of the Lungs  Larynx: voice box

Supporting Videos  How Lungs Work: -Lungs-Function.htm -Lungs-Function.htm -Lungs-Function.htm

Lung Conditions  Bronchitis: inflammation oft eh bronchioles  Asthma: a narrowing of the bronchioles, several causes  Pneumonia: inflammation of different parts of the lung, viral and bacterial causes, making breathing uncomfortable  Tuberculosis: infectious bacterial disease of the lungs (highly contagious)

Lung Conditions  Emphysema: common among chronic smokers. Alveoli burst forming fewer and larger sacs with less surface area, which limits gas exchange and causes labored breathing.  Sinusitis: inflammation of the membrane lining the facial sinuses.

Supporting Videos  Bronchitis: chitis.htm chitis.htm chitis.htm  Bronchodilators: chodilators.htm chodilators.htm chodilators.htm  Asthma: ma.htm ma.htm ma.htm