Chapter 9 American Foreign Policy Nationalism and Sectionalism

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS Secretary of State under James Monroe. Through his efforts Americans gained the right to settle in the Oregon Country Negotiated several treaties with Britain (Rush-Bagot, Convention of 1818) and the Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain.

RELATIONS WITH BRITAIN In the years following the War of 1812, President Monroe and his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams tried to resolve our long-standing disputes with Great Britain. Many important treaties were reached with Britain. We would never again war with Britain and they would become our strongest ally in the years to come.

RUSH-BAGOT TREATY 1817 treaty between the US and Britain which set the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes. provided for the disarmament –the removal of weapons– on an important part of the US-Canada border

CONVENTION OF 1818 set the boundary of the Louisiana Territory between the US and Canada at the 49° parallel Also both countries agreed to JOINTLY OCCUPY the Oregon Country in the Pacific.

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RELATIONS WITH SPAIN Spain owned East Florida and claimed West Florida. US claimed West Florida was part of the Louisiana Purchase. In 1810 and 1812 the US simply added parts of West Florida (Louisiana and Mississippi) to its territory. Spain objected but took no action.

RELATIONS WITH SPAIN and ANDREW JACKSON In April 1818, General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East Florida and captured several Spanish forts. Jackson had been ordered to secure the border with Spanish Florida and stop Seminole raids into Georgia but went beyond his orders in invading Florida. The Spanish Prime Minister protested and demanded that Jackson be punished.

RELATIONS WITH SPAIN and ANDREW JACKSON Secretary of War Calhoun said that Jackson should be court-martialed for over-stepping his authority. Adams, although he did not authorize Jackson’s raid, did nothing to stop it. He guessed that the Spanish did not want war with the US and might be ready to negotiate a settlement to the dispute over Florida.

RELATIONS WITH SPAIN and the ADAMS-ONIS TREATY Troubled by rebellions in Mexico and South America Spain signed the Adams-Onis Treaty in This treaty gave East Florida to the US and Spain gave up all claims to West Florida. In return, the US agreed to take over responsibility of paying $5 million that American citizens claimed were owed to them by Spain.

The two countries also agreed on the Western border of the Louisiana Purchase. The new border extended northwest from the Gulf of Mexico to the 42 nd parallel and then West to the Pacific Ocean. The US had become a transcontinental power.

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LATIN AMERICA REPUBLICS The American Revolution sparked a number of revolution around the world. In the early 1800’s, revolts against Spanish colonial rule occurred in Central and South America. Miguel Hidalgo, a Spanish priest, led a revolt in Mexico. Jose de San Martin led revolts in Chile and Peru. Simon Bolivar, known as The Liberator, led revolts in the present-day countries of Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador

THE MONROE DOCTRINE In 1822, Spain was desperately trying to hold on to its fast disappearing empire in America. Spain asked Prussia, France, Austria, and Russia (the Quadruple Alliance) for help in fighting the revolutions. This possibility of increased European involvement in the Americas led President Monroe into action.

THE MONROE DOCTRINE On December 2, 1823, President Monroe issued a statement that would become known as the Monroe Doctrine. This statement said that the US would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas but it would oppose any new ones. This was a warning to Europe not to interfere with any of the newly established countries in the Americas.

THE MONROE DOCTRINE In 1823, the US had little military power to back up this statement. Nevertheless, the Monroe Doctrine became an important element in American foreign policy and would remain so for over 170 years.

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Era of Good Feelings Federalists were pro-British in the war between Britain and France US and Britain fought the War of 1812 Federalists fell out of power. Jefferson and Madison were both Democratic- Republicans (16 years) By 1815, the Federalist had ceased to exist as a national party.

9-2 Nationalism and Sectionalism

Era of Good Feelings Monroe (another Republican) was elected in Political party differences seemed to have faded away with the sense of national unity that swept the country following the War of A Boston newspaper called these years, “The Era of Good Feelings” HC: Era of Good Feelings

Sectionalism Regional differences soon brought the Era of Good Feelings to an end. Sectionalism—loyalty to a particular region– became more intense as differences arose over national policies Some of the issues were slavery, the need for tariffs, the national bank, and internal improvements. The country became divided into three main regions—North, South and West

Daniel Webster became a powerful voice for the North Senator from New Hampshire supported free trade and the shipping interests on New England, the Tariff of 1816 eloquent speaker…known for “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”

John C. Calhoun spokesman for Southern interest Senator from South Carolina. He was a planter and a War Hawk. In the 1820’s he emerged as a leader on states’ rights; opposed protective tariffs, the national bank, and internal improvements

Henry Clay Spokesman for the Western states Speaker of the House of Representatives War Hawk from Kentucky; negotiated the Treaty of Ghent National leader who tried to resolve regional disputes through compromise Proposed THE AMERICAN SYSTEM (protective tariffs + internal improvements + national bank = development of industry HC: The American System

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS Federal, state, and privately funded projects, such as roads and canals, used to develop the nation’s transportation system

MISSOURI COMPROMISE Missouri was the first state from the Louisiana Purchase that was ready to become a state. Missouri wanted to enter as a slave- holding state. Northerners wanted Missouri to be a free state.

MISSOURI COMPROMISE At the time (1820), there were 22 states in the US (11 slave-holding states and 11 “free” states) Adding Missouri would upset this delicate balance Many observers feared for the future of the US

MISSOURI COMPROMISE The debate raged on as to whether to allow Missouri in as a slave state or free state. During the debate, Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) applied for statehood Henry Clay worked out a compromise called the MISSOURI Compromise

MISSOURI COMPROMISE The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine to enter a free state. The delicate balance between free and slave states was maintained. In an attempt to limit the future spread of slavery, the Missouri Compromise banned slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of 36°30’ N parallel. HC; The Missouri Compromise