1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LUNGS & AIR PASSAGES

2 WHY IS THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM NEEDED? TAKE IN OXYGEN –GAS NEEDED BY ALL BODY CELLS REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE –GAS THAT IS A WASTE PRODUCT PRODCUED BY THE CELLS

3 HOW MUCH O2 DO WE HAVE? FOUR TO SIX MINUTES SUPPLY

4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MUST WORK CONTINOUSLY OR DEATH WILL OCCUR = Respiratory Failure

5 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURES NOSE PHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA BRONCHI ALVEOLI LUNGS DIAPHRAGM

6 NOSE TWO NOSTRILS (NARES) –OPENINGS WHICH AIR ENTERS

7 NASAL SEPTUM PARTITION OR WALL –CARTILAGE DIVIDES THE NOSE INTO HOLLOW SPACES –CAN BE DAMAGED DUE TO TRAUMA

8 NASAL CAVITIES TWO HOLLOW SPACES LINED WITH A MUCOUS MEMBRANE RICH BLOOD SUPPLY WARMS AIR FILTERS AIR MOISTENS AIR

9 MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF THE NASAL CAVITY PRODUCES MUCOUS WHICH: -TRAPS PATHOGENS -TRAPS DIRT

10 CILIA TINY HAIRLIKE STRUCTURES IN NASAL CAVITY TRAPS DIRT TRAPS PATHOGENS TRAPPED PARTICLES PUSHED TOWARD ESOPHAGUS –SWALLOWED

11 OLFACTORY RECPTORS LOCATED IN NASAL CAVITY SENSE OF SMELL Dogs – 220 million receptors Humans – 5 million receptors

12 LACRIMAL DUCTS DRAIN TEARS FROM EYES –DRAINS INTO NOSE PROVIDES ADDITIONAL MOISTURE FOR THE AIR

13 SINUSES CAVITIES IN THE SKULL AROUND THE NASAL AREA CONNECTED TO NASAL CAVITY BY SHORT DUCTS MUCOUS MEMBRANE –WARMS & MOISTENS AIR RESONANCE FOR THE VOICE

14 PHARYNX THROAT REGION AIR LEAVES NOSE & ENTERS PHARYNX

15 THREE SECTIONS OF THE PHARYNX NASOPHARYNX OROPHARYNX LARYNGOPHARYNX

16 NASOPHARYNX UPPER PORTION BEHIND NASAL CAVITIES PHARYNGEAL TONSILS –ADENOIDS LYMPHATIC TISSUE –EUSTACHIAN TUBE OPENINGS LOCATED

17 OROPHARYNX MIDDLE SECTION LOCATED BEDHIND ORAL CAVITY RECEIVES AIR & FOOD FROM THE MOUTH

18 LARYNGOPHARYNX BOTTOM SECTION OF PHARYNX BRANCHES INTO: –TRACHEA CARRIES AIR TO AND FROM THE LUNGS –ESOPHAGUS CARRIES FOOD TO STOMACH

19 LARYNX VOICE BOX –BETWEEN THE PHARYNX & TRACHEA CARTILAGE CALLED –ADAM’S APPLE

20 LARYNX VOCAL CORDS –TWO FOLDS OPENING BETWEEN VOCAL CORDS –GLOTTIS AIR ENTERS LUNGS –VOCAL CORDS VIBRATE PRODUCE SOUND OR SPEECH

21 LARYNX EPIGLOTTIS –PIECE OF CARTILAGE –CLOSES THE OPENING INTO LARYNX DURING SWALLOWING –PREVENTS FOOD & LIQUIDS FROM ENTERING RESPIRATORY TRACT

22 TRACHEA (WINDPIPE) TUBE EXTENDING FROM LARYNX TO CENTER OF CHEST CARRIES AIR BETWEEN PHARYNX & BRONCHI SERIES OF C-SHAPED CARTILAGE –OPEN ON THE DORSAL SURFACE –HELPS KEEP TRACHEA OPEN

23 BRONCHI TWO DIVISIONS OF TRACHEA –NEAR CENTER OF CHEST BRONCHUS –ENTERS LUNG –CARRIES AIR BETWEEN TRACHEA AND LUNGS –BRONCHI DIVIDE INTO SMALLER BRONCHI

24 SMALLEST BRACHES BRONCHIOLES –END IN AIR SACS CALLED ALVEOLI

25 ALVEOLI AIR SACS –RESEMBLE BUNCH OF GRAPES –RICH NETWORK OF BLOOD CAPILLARIES –CAPILLARIES ALLOW OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE TO EXCHANGE BETWEEN LUNGS & BLOOD

26 LUNGS RIGHT LUNG –3 SECTIONS OR LOBES SUPERIOR, MIDDLE & INFERIOR LEFT LUNG –2 LOBES SUPERIOR & INFERIOR –SMALLER HEART LIES MORE TO THE LEFT SIDE OF CHEST

27 PLEURA MEMBRANE OR SAC ENCLOSING EACH LUNG TWO LAYERS –Visceral pleura comes in contact with the lungs –Parietal pleura comes in contact with the ribcage

28 PROCESS OF RESPIRATION TWO PHASES –INSPIRATION –EXPIRATION

29 INSPIRATION DIAPHRAGM –DOME SHAPED MUSCLE BELOW THE THORACIC CAVITY –CONTRACTS, INCREASING THE VOLUME AND DECREASING THE PRESSURE INSIDE THE THORACIC CAVITY…LEADING TO AN INFLUX OF AIR ENTERING THE LUNGS.

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31 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

32 Obstructive Lung Diseases Problem: can’t get air out, leading to increased CO2 levels. Diseases: -Asthma -COPD (Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis) - Bronchiectasis

33 Asthma Inflammatory disease of the smaller airways Increased mucous production and bronchospasms Reversible obstructive lung disease Usually seen in younger patients Frequently has known precipitants, ex: allergies, exercse

34 Asthma Symptoms -Wheezing -Coughing -Dyspnea Diagnosis -Chest x-ray appears normal -Spirometry

35 Asthma Treatment -Albuterol – short acting bronchodilator -Salmeterol – long acting bronchodilator -Inhaled Steroids – few side effects *Allergen and tobacco avoidance

36 Emphysema Irreversible airway damage leading to chronic obstruction to airflow Destruction of alveolar air spaces, leading to decreased surface area of gas exchange

37 Emphysema Risk Factors -Smoking -increased age Alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency -causes early onset emphysema and liver disease -only cause of young patients with emphysema

38 Emphysema Symptoms -Dyspnea that worsens with exertion -Barrel chest appearance -Wheezing Treatment -Home oxygen therapy -Stop smoking!

39 Bronchiectasis Persistent inflammation of the airways, leading to abnormal dilation of the bronchi. Mucous collects in the bronchi, increasing the risk for infection. Organisms associated with Bronchiectasis: -Pseudomonas -Staph aureau -H. influenza

40 Bronchiectasis Symptoms: -Chronic cough -foul smelling sputum -hemoptysis -dyspnea -recurrent pneumonia Treatment: -Bronchodilators -Antibiotics -Postural drainage

41 Restrictive Lung Diseases Problem: can’t get air in, leading to decreased O2 levels. Diseases: -Pulmonary Fibrosis -Sarcoidosis - Asbestosis -Silicosis

42 Pulmonary Fibrosis Fibrosis and thickening of the lung tissue Decreased elasticity of the lung A disease of the elderly Symptoms: -progressive dyspnea -dry non-productive cough -hypoxia -clubbing of fingers/toes -honeycomb appearance of lung No effective treatment

43 Sarcoidosis A multi-organ disease that primarily affects the lungs. -numerous granulomas ( ball- like collection of immune cells trying to destroy a foreign substance) -affects young pts, women, African-Americans -Associated with arthritis, rashes, heart problems, and liver disease. Steroids used for treatment -most cases resolve over time

44 Asbestosis Chronic exposure to asbestos can occur with: -demolition workers -roofers -plumbers -brake mechanics Symptoms: -dyspnea on exertion -productive cough -wheezing

45 Asbestosis Pathology: Asbestos fibers are cytotoxic to the macrophages. Rupture of the macrophages liberate fibrogenic materials which induce the following: - Diffuse fibrosis of the lung usually in the lower half, due to exposure to asbestos. Increased risk of Mesothelioma (tumor of the pleura) and Bronchogenic Carcinoma

46 Silicosis Due to chronic inhalation of silicon dioxide particles Associated with: -granite and sandstone cutting -sandblasting -metal mining (Au, Ag, Pb, Cu) -pottery creation Symptoms: -shortness of breath -productive cough

47 Silicosis Diagnosis: -history of exposure -upper lobe nodules -eggshell calcifications of lymph nodes in the center of the chest Treatment: -prevention -lung transplantation

48 CAUSE HEAVY SMOKING PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS

49 SYMPTOMS DYSPNEA FEELING OF SUFFOCATION PAIN BARREL CHEST CHRONIC COUGH CYANOSIS RAPID RESPIRATIONS WITH PROLONGED EXPIRATION RESPIRATORY FALURE ……….DEATH

50 TREATMENT NO CURE AVOID SMOKING BRONCHODILATORS PROMPT TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OXYGEN THERAPY RESPIRATORY THERAPY

51 EPISTAXIS NOSEBLEED –CAPILLARIES IN NOSE BECOME CONGESTED AND BLEED

52 CAUSES INJURY OR BLOW TO NOSE HYPERTENSION CHRONIC INFECTIONS ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS BLOOD DISEASES –HEMOPHILIA –LEUKEMIA

53 TREATMENT COMPRESS NOSTRILS ELEVATE HEAD TILT FORWARD SLIGHTLY APPLY COLD COMPRESSES NASAL PACKS CAUTERIZE THE BLEEDING VESSEL ELIMINATE UNDERLYING CAUSE

54 INFLUENZA (FLU) CONTAGIOUS VIRAL INFECTION –UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM –SUDDEN ONSET

55 SYMPTOMS CHILLS FEVER COUGH SORE THROAT RUNNY NOSE MUSCLE PAIN FATIGUE

56 TREATMENT BED REST FLUIDS ANALGESICS –PAIN –FEVER ANTIBIOTICS –NOT EFFECTIVE AGAINST VIRUSES –GIVEN TO AVOID SECONDARY INFECTIONS PNEUMONIA

57 LARYNGITIS INFLAMMATION –LARYNX –VOCAL CORDS MAY OCCUR WITH RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

58 SYMPTOMS HOARSENESS LOSS OF VOICE SORE THROAT DYSPHAGIA DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING

59 TREATMENT REST FLUIDS LIMITED USE OF THE VOICE MEDICATIONS –INFECTION IF PRESENT

60 PLEURISY INFLAMMATION OF PLEURA –MEMBRANES OF THE LUNGS OCCURS WITH PNEUMONIA OR OTHER INFECTIONS

61 SYMPTOMS SHARP STABBING PAIN WHILE BREATHING CREPITATION –GRATING SOUNDS IN THE LUNGS DYSPNEA FEVER

62 TREATMENT REST MEDICATIONS TO RELIEVE PAIN & INFLAMMATION FLUID COLLECTION IN PLEURAL SPACE –THORACENTESIS WITHDRAWAL OF FLIUD THROUGH A NEEDLE

63 PNEUMONIA INFLAMMATION INFECTION OF LUNGS BUILD UP OF EXUDATE IN ALVEOLI CAUSED BY BACTERIA, VIRUS, OR CHEMICALS

64 SYMPTOMS CHILLS FEVER CHEST PAIN PRODUCTIVE COUGH DYSPNEA FATIGUE

65 TREATMENT BEDREST FLUIDS ANTIBIOTICS IF INDICATED RESPIRATORY THERAPY PAIN MEDICATION

66 RHINITIS INFLAMMATION OF NASAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE –RUNNY NOSE –SORENESS –CONGESTION

67 COMMON CAUSES INFECTIONS ALLERGENS

68 TREATMENT FLUIDS MEDICATION TO RELIEVE CONGESTION

69 SINUSITIS INFLAMMATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINING SINUSES CAUSED BY BACTERIA OR VIRUS

70 SYMPTOMS HEADACHE PRESSURE THICK NASAL DISCHARE CONGESTION LOSS OF RESONANCE IN VOICE

71 TREATMENT ANALGESICS MEDICATIONS TO LOOSEN SECRETIONS MOIST INHALATIONS SURGERY –CHRONIC SINUSITIS OPENS CAVITIES –ENCOURAGE DRAINAGE

72 TB TUBERCULOSIS –INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF THE LUNGS CAUSED BY BACTERIA MYCOBACTERUIM TUBERCULOSIS

73 WBC MAY SURROUND INVADING TB ORGAMISMS WALLS OFF CREATING A NODULE CALLED TUBERCLE ORGANISMS REMAIN DORMANT IN THE TUBERCLE CAN CAUSE ACTIVE CASE OF TB –LATER IF BODY REISITANCE IS LOW

74 SYMPTOMS OF ACTIVE TB FATIGUE CHEST PAIN FEVER NIGHT SWEATS WEIGHT LOSS HEMOPTYSIS –COUGHING UP BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM

75 TREATMENT ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS –DESTROY BACTERIA GOOD NUTRITION REST

76 URI UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION COMMON COLD INFLAMMATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINING UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

77 CAUSED BY VIRUSES HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS

78 SYMPTOMS FEVER RUNNY NOSE WATERY EYES CONGESTION SORE THROAT HACKING COUGH

79 NO CURE MINIMAL TREATMENT SYMPTOMS LAST ABOUT 1 WEEK ANALGESICS FOR PAIN & FEVER REST INCREASED FLUID INTAKE ANTIHISTAMINES –RELIEVES CONGESTION

80 THE END