Growing Conditions Factors that a gardener needs to consider to maximise plant growth: W L – motorised screens, shading Suitable t – greenhouses, polytunnels, cloches, ventilators, fans, fleece Growing m (soil, compost etc) H

Photosynthesis C + w O + g

Unhealthy Plant W – under watering P Damage – aphids, slugs Poor G F Disease – damping off, potato blight

Biological Pest Control Predator of the pest used to eat the pest Example: Ladybird is a p to an aphid Advantage – No p Disadvantage – Can change predator-prey relationships, changing the e

Mineral Nutrients N K P Too much NStem grows too and and crop over Burns the

Fertilisers – absorbed by the r Organic Inorganic adds h and so improves crumb structure decays slowly so releases n over a long time c and easy to obtain contains other nutrients needed by plants such as m contains l quantities of known amounts of nutrients releases nutrients q easy to s

S A S S O O

Cross Pollination The transfer of pollen from the a of one flower to the s of another flower of the same s This increases genetic v so plants are able to adapt to their surroundings

Self Pollination The transfer of pollen from the a of one flower to the s of the s flower. Does not require another plant of the same species near byAdvantage Disadvantage Little genetic variation in offspring

Wind Pollinated Plants Lots of small, light p produced so it can be carried by the w Flower small and green and not scented since it does not need to attract i

Insect Pollinated Plants Brightly coloured, scented flowers to attract i Anthers and stigma I flower in the best position for the insect N is produced Small quantities of large, sticky p is produced

A word of caution Make sure that there are I or w in glass houses and polytunnels

Vegetative Reproduction This is asexual All offspring are genetically i to the parents Growers know what they will produce If one plant gets a d they will all get the disease

Runners eg. S plants An above ground stem

R eg. Ginger An underground stem

Bulbs eg. O Leaves become swollen with food stores.

Seed Germination Testa (Seed Coat) Tough, so w is needed to swell the seed and break the testa before the seed can g Cotyledons (Food Store) Glucose + O Energy Plumule Young s Radicle Young r E are needed for respiration therefore seeds only germinate in the w Light is not usually needed for germination except in certain seeds such as l

Raising Plants from Seed

Growing from seed Thinning out: weak seedlings r to give others more room Pricking out: Lift the seedlings out carefully holding their c (seed leaves) and re-plant in a new tray to allow seedlings to grow well. Potting on – give seedlings more r to grow

light sensors temperature probes carbon dioxide sensors pH meters humidity sensors

White Rose Phenotype: Genotype: Red Rose Phenotype: Genotype: The allele for red flowers is d over the allele for white flowers All the F1 generation are

b b Rr Inheritance of Flower Colour Using A Punnet Square Rr A red flowered plant was crossed with a white flowered plant. What is the ratio of phenotypes and genotypes in their offspring? Rr r r Percentage Genotypes: Percentage Phenotypes:

Soil Cultivation by Hand aerates the s removes w improves d FYM can be added to improve crumb structure r to produce a good tilth

Sand Silt Clay Humus Water

Storing Crops Ripening Bruising Pests Diseases