Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA): Rationale, Design, First Results, Status & Plans Mike McPhaden NOAA/PMEL Seattle, Washington, USA Fifth Capacity Building Workshop Bali, Indonesia 9 October 2009

Rationale and Design Fifth Capacity Building Workshop Bali, Indonesia 9 October 2009

The Monsoons One third of the world’s population depends on monsoon rainfall

Indian Ocean Science Drivers  Seasonal monsoons  Severe weather events & cyclones  Intraseasonal (30-60 day) Madden Julian Oscillation (affects ENSO, US weather, hurricanes)  Interannual variations: the Indian Ocean Dipole  Decadal variability and warming trends (affect NAO & North American temperature and precipitation)  Ocean circulation & biogeochemistry Indian Ocean is the most poorly sampled region of the tropics Nargis MJO Trends Indian Ocean Dipole

1999  2009 McPhaden, M.J., K. Ando, B. Bourles, R. Lumpkin, Y. Masumoto, V.S.N. Murty P. Nobre,, M. Ravichandran, J. Vialard, and W. Yu, 2009: The global tropical moored buoy array. Proc. OceanObs09 Conference, Venice, Italy, Sept 2009, in press.

IndOOS Developed by the CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel in as of Nov as of Nov 08

RAMA RAMA: Ancient king of India and hero of the epic “Ramayana”.

ATLAS Surface Moorings Rapid sampling in time to resolve rather than alias high frequencies Multi-variate (ocean, atmosphere, biogeochemical) Fixed grid array so time and space are not mixed Real-time data transmission (Service Argos & Global Telecommunications System) ATLAS

BAMS cover McPhaden, M.J., G. Meyers, K. Ando,Y. Masumoto, V.S.N. Murty, M. Ravichandran, F. Syamsudin, J. Vialard, L. Yu, and W. Yu, 2009: RAMA: The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, “A new moored buoy array in the historically data sparse Indian Ocean provides measurements to advance monsoon research and forecasting.”

RAMA: Present Status 52% of sites occupied at present (24 of 46) Resource Formula: NOAA provides most equipment Regional partners provide ship time ORV Sagar Kanya deploys ATLAS mooring

First Results Fifth Capacity Building Workshop Bali, Indonesia 9 October 2009

Indian Ocean Dipole, 2006 Neutral=±0.5°C

Comparison of Oct-Nov 2004 & 2006

TMI/AMSR SST 2 May 2008 Apr 24 Cyclone Nargis Apr 28 May 2

TMI/AMSR SST 2 May 2008 Apr 24 Cyclone Nargis Apr 28 May 2 Real-time data (~8/day)

TMI/AMSR SST 2 May 2008 Apr 24 Cyclone Nargis Apr 28 May 2 Temperature (°C) Mixed Layer Depth

Plans Fifth Capacity Building Workshop Bali, Indonesia 9 October 2009

RAMA Cruises Oct 2008-Sept cruises 5 ships 4 nations

RAMA Cruises Oct 2009-Sept cruises 5 ships 4 nations

Sea Days & Person-Days at Sea: Actual & Planned Sea Days Person-Days PMEL Oct 08-Sept 09: Oct 09-Sept 10:

RAMA Growth

Planned Biogeochemical Measurements: A SIBER-RAMA Initiative Monthly Seawifs Chl-a Concentrations (Solid Dots are RAMA Flux Reference Sites) SIBER=Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Research Program Objectives: A)To provide data for defining biogeochemical variability in key regions of the Indian Ocean and for understanding the physical, biological and chemical processes that govern it; B)To provide data for developing models of ocean-atmosphere- biosphere interactions; C)To provide baseline data for assessing the impacts of climate change on ocean uptake of CO 2 and primary productivity in the ocean. Key Measurements: CO 2, pH, Fluorescence, Particle Backscatter, O 2 Target Locations: Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Equator, Seychelles-Chagos Thermocline Ridge

Planned Biogeochemical Measurements: A SIBER-RAMA Initiative Monthly Seawifs Chl-a Concentrations (Solid Dots are RAMA Flux Reference Sites) SIBER=Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Research Program Objectives: A)To provide data for defining biogeochemical variability in key regions of the Indian Ocean and for understanding the physical, biological and chemical processes that govern it; B)To provide data for developing models of ocean-atmosphere- biosphere interactions; C)To provide baseline data for assessing the impacts of climate change on ocean uptake of CO 2 and primary productivity in the ocean. Key Measurements: CO 2, pH, Fluorescence, Particle Backscatter, O 2 Target Locations: Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Equator, Seychelles-Chagos Thermocline Ridge

New Web Page

RAMA Data Deliveries Jan- Sept only

0°, 90°E Time Series Data Gaps

Indian Ocean Fishing Vandalism

Tuna Catch Long Line Purse Seine &Pole/Line Bigeye Yellowfin Skipjack

Conehead Buoys Conehead buoys - Remove vulnerable sensors -Make buoys harder to board -Remove buoy attachment points Conehead buoy 89% Data Return

Engineering a New Generation Buoy System A ‘buoy in a box’ that functions like an ATLAS buoy.  Small, compact  Easy to deploy  Collect ocean data using a profiling crawler (PRAWLER). Anchor PRAWLER Mooring Line Buoy Hull

International Cooperation and Capacity Building Formal bilateral agreements:  USA (NOAA) and Indonesia (DKP and BPPT)--signed in May 2009 USA (NOAA) and India (MoES)--signed in Sept 2008 USA (NOAA) and Japan (JAMSTEC)--signed in June 2008 China (SOA) and Indonesia (DKP)--signed in 2007 ASCLME (9 East African countries)--planned in 2009 DART/RAMA cruise RV Baruna Jaya III Sept 2007 IndOOS Resource Forum

Established by IOGOOS and Advised by CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel Terms of Reference: To review the requirements for the implementation of IndOOS; To facilitate and coordinate resources that may be applied to the system, especially ship time for RAMA; To encourage scientific and technological initiatives in the participating countries to meet the objectives of IndOOS; To report on its activities to the Heads of the institutions providing resources.

Sustainability Requires Provision of Climate Products and Services to Society Users (Ocean-Atmos-Land-Cryosphere) Feedback & Analyses

The End Fifth Capacity Building Workshop Bali, Indonesia 9 October 2009