An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism,

What developments in science, intellectual affairs, and the arts in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries “open the way to a modern consciousness?” Science defining reality  Einstein  (Social) Darwinism  Freud Modernism  Nietzsche  Freud Interpretation of Reality  Impressionism  Post Impressionism  Cubism

What gains did women make in their movement for women’s rights? Feminists pressed for legal, economic, and political rights for women.  The struggle for the right to vote Sought improved working and living conditions Florence Nightingale

How did new right-wing politics affect the Jews in different parts of Europe? Anti-Semitism  The Dreyfus Affair Pogroms Zionism  The growth of Jewish nationalism in response to the growing anti-Semitism in both western and Eastern Europe  Theodor Herzl

What political problems did Great Britain, Italy, France, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, face between 1894 and 1914, and how did they solve them? The struggle between conservatism and liberalism continues  Great Britain Political/economic movements in response to the problems of industrialization  Communism  Socialism v laissez-faire  Liberals shift to interventionist economic and social policies on behalf of the less privileged  Based on a rational approach to reform  Attempted to address the impact of the IR on the individual Efforts to industrialize which lead to international tensions over colonization Russia:  industrialization  external issues  Russian aspirations in the Balkans  Industrialization  internal issues  Revolution of 1905

Examine the “Balkan questions” throughout the nineteenth century up to 1914 and explain the possible causes that might explain why that particular region was so unsettled. Nationalism  tension in the Balkans  a series of conflicts  WWI The decline of the Ottoman Empire Pan-Slavism Congress of Berlin The Balkan Wars Key Players: Austria, Serbia, Russia, the Ottoman Empire

What were the causes of the new imperialism that took place after 1880, and what effects did European imperialism have on Africa and Asia? New Imperialism  Second Industrial Revolution  overseas territories for raw materials  Non-European societies could not resist these movements  The Scramble for Africa  Asia Why?  Raw materials  Strategic considerations  “White Man’s Burden”  Racism and the application of Social Darwinism Nationalistic responses  Opium Wars  Boxer Rebellion  Russo-Japanese War

What was the Bismarckian system of alliances, and how successful was it at keeping the peace? In an attempt to maintain the balance of power and sought to isolate France:  A system of alliances and their effects  Three Emperors’ League  Triple alliance  Reinsurance Treaty Bismarck’s dismissal in 1890 eventually led to a system of mutually antagonistic alliances and heightened international tensions. Alliances between the Great Powers  militarization (industrial and technological advances)