Chapter 11 Oil & Natural Gas Formation

Spindletop 1901 Salt under pressure like a lava lamp, bubbling upward, breaking and deforming the rocks above. Broken rocks act as effective traps for oil and gas.

Oil Reserves & Type

Natural Gas Reserves

Oil Refining - Distillation

Peak Oil? Dependent On: Technology Consumption Economics Exploration Oil production may peak by 2020 seems likely

1936 – Saudi Arabia Yom Kippur War 1973 OAPEC Strategic Petroleum Reserve

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Pipeline

Exxon Valdez Largest Oil Spill in the US: Alaska, 1989

Exxon Valdez Largest Oil Spill in the US: Alaska, 1989 Pressure Washed Dispersant - Solvents Quicker Picker-Uppers

Top 10 Oil Spills 1. Kuwait million gallons Iraqi forces opened the valves of several oil tankers in order to slow the invasion of American troops. 2. Mexico million gallons An accident in an oil well caused an explosion which then caused the well to collapse. The well remained open, spilling 30,000 gallons a day into the ocean for a full year. 3. Trinidad and Tobago million oil tanker collided with another ship 4. Russia million gallons A broken pipeline in Russia leaked for eight months before it was noticed and repaired. 5. Persian Gulf million gallons A tanker collided with a drilling platform which, eventually, collapsed into the sea. The well continued to spill oil into the ocean for seven months before it was repaired. 6. South Africa million gallons A tanker cought fire 7. France million gallons A tanker in a severe storm, 8. Angola more than 51 million gallons The tanker expolded 9. Italy million gallons The tanker exploded and sank off the coast of Italy and continued leaking it's oil into the ocean for 12 years. 10. Odyssey Oil Spill million gallons Exon Valdez: 10.8 Million Gallons Deepwater Horizon BP: 206 Million Gallons

The Cost The Immediate Impact - Estimated 250,000 to as many as 500,000 seabirds 1,000 sea otters 300 harbor seals 250 bald eagles 22 orcas billions of salmon and herring eggs A fishery that fisherman say still has not recovered “2010” Otter populations still troubled “2012”

Future Reserves Deepwater Horizon

ANWR & NPRA December 2012: National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (23M acres) interior secretary Salazar announces 50/50 leasing and preservation Estimated 900M barrels of oil (42 gallons) USA uses 19M barrels daily So the question is?

Fracking – Oil & Natural Gas ND – Bracken Shale Formation 18B Barrels Oil PA & NY Marcellus Shale formation 38TCF Gas 84TCF Gas Wyoming

Fracking

Tar Sands Bitumen (asphalt or tar) - mixed with sand and clay.