Visual Representation of Knowledge Mental Imagery.

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Presentation transcript:

Visual Representation of Knowledge Mental Imagery

Historical Antecedents Sir Francis Galton

Questionnaire to 100 people including children, artists, scientists Asked them to describe their breakfast table in terms of images: naturalness, vividness

Betts (1909) QMI (Question upon Mental Imagery) Visual Auditory Cutaneous Kinaesthetic Gustatory Olfactory organic

"High-Imagers" vs. "Low-Imagers"

Mental Operations Used in Imagery

Mental Rotation Shepard & Metzler (1971) Rotation in 2 dimensions RT increased linearly as the degree of rotation increased

Rotation in 3 Dimensions

Same results; scanning time about degrees/sec. Age: elderly slower than younger adults on rotation Supports a spatial analog-coding approach

Mental Scanning Do we scan over mental images like we would scan over visual pictures? Kosslyn et al. (1978) - "Treasure Island" study

Results: RT increased linearly with distance on map

Mental Folding Shepard & Feng (1972)

Results: as the number of folds required to make the judgment increased, RT increased

Other Characteristics of Imagery

Imagery and Size Kosslyn (1975) P's image rabbit next to a fly P's image rabbit next to an elephant Asked to make an RT judgment about whether a rabbit has legs

Imagery, Size & Eating Disorders Smeets & Kosslyn study Video was morphed in direction of fatter or thinner

Imagery and Shape Shepard & Chipman (1970) P's asked to make a rating judgment on how similar the visual shapes of various pairs of states are Then, P's asked to do the same with mental images of states

Results: judgments are very similar

Visual Imagery Capacity Limitations

Kosslyn (1975) S's imagine a square, then an object (rabbit), then asked Q, e.g. legs Square: large or small; simple or complex

Selective Interference Brooks (1978) P's given a block letter ("L") and image it P mentally scans it 2 types of responses: verbal or pointing (on a response sheet)

Theories of Mental Imagery Conceptual- Propositional Hypothesis Functional- Equivalency Hypothesis Dual-Coding Hypothesis

Cognitive Neuroscience Findings Farah (1995) Brain lesions, Imaging