AG

Ethnic cleansing people killing people of other ethnic groups War crimes violating rules of war that forbid atrocities such as the mass killings of prisoners or civilians

Wasn’t much on the world stage Many countries became independent in 1919 During WWII, Germany gained control of many Those went to the Soviets

The USSR army was in a lot of Eastern Europe when WWII ended Lots of areas had local Communist parties in power The Soviets came along and helped them Got rid of all cries against them Other parties Critics Religion Soviets stopped privately-owned businesses Those countries became satellites, client states

The Soviets got a little more controlling in the 1950s They had to sell natural resources to the Soviet Union Didn’t benefit the satellites very much Forced to support the Warsaw Pact USSR troops were stationed in many places in the satellites Some people didn’t like the Soviets very much

Imre Nagy ( NOJ ) rose to power in Hungary in 1956 Communist reformer and strong nationalist in Hungary Got his country out of the Warsaw Pact Asked Western countries for help No one did He was executed and many people died Soviets… bum bum bum Alexander Dubcek tried in Czechoslavakia Warsaw Pact troops came Communist dictator The USSR had the power to involve themselves in anything with its satellites April 5, 1968

Yogoslavia escaped the Soviet control. Josip Tito had fought against the Germans in WWII He was a guerrilla leader A communist leader Wouldn’t be in the Warsaw Pact Neutral in the Cold War n a. a member of an irregular usually politically motivated armed force that combats stronger regular forces, such as the army or police b. ( as modifier ): guerrilla warfare

The USSR had lots of trouble with Poland Wanted more freedom, like Hungry and Czechoslovakia Stalin was very strict with Poland Then they persecuted the Catholic church. Bad idea…. Poland people rallied around the Church riots and strikes occurred The government of Poland had some reforms The Poles really didn’t like communism

Lech Walesa ( VAH LEHN SAH ) created Solidarity Independent trade union Lots of strikes in 1980 Millions strong, and they wanted change The USSR… didn’t Poland banned the group and arrested Walesa Poles still liked Walesa

He visited in 1979, and met with leaders of Solidarity Talked out against the communists He, Karol Wojtyla, was the former archbishop of Cracow He helped Jews escape during WWII Very outspoken critic of communism all over the world Walesa said, “We know what the pope has achieved. Fifty percent of the collapse of communism is his doing.” Some people disagree that his part was that huge

Gorbachev said he wouldn’t mess with Eastern Europe in the 1980s Poland was reforming many things, like Gorbachev had done in the USSR Solidarity was made legal First free elections were in 1989 First in fifty years Solidarity won Walesa became the president Transition time for Poland

Democracy was spreading throughout Eastern Europe 1989 People went on marches Wanted things better, through reforms A human rights activist was elected president of Czechoslovakia Berlin Wall went down Germany became whole Romania was the exception in these democratic reforms Violence Dictator, Nicolae Ceausescu, wouldn’t step down Executed Those countries weren’t part of the Warsaw Pact Soviets weren’t doing very well

The newly freed countries had many challenges ahead of them Privatized industries Didn’t monitor prices of goods Had been unrealistically low Lots of inflammation High unemployment Quite a bit of crime Higher quantity of products, but people didn’t have money Due to the many problems, some communist supporters were voted into parliaments Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic became members of NATO in 1999 Others became members after that Those countries began to be more involved in international affairs Poland and some others helped in Iraq

Many European countries had very diverse populations Had a majority, but many smaller ethnicities Nationalism worked well in some countries, and terribly in others Czechoslovakia split The Czech Republic Slovakia Yugoslavia had a civil war in the 1990s

Yugoslavia was for the South Slavs Created after WWI Had many republics Serbia Croatia Bosnia Herzegovina Macedonia Slovenia Montenegro The country had: Serbs- Roman Catholics Bosnians- Muslims Spoke the same language, Serbo- Croatian Very different customs

Tito was very strict with Yugoslavia Put his critics in jail Made religious and nationalist people be quiet Nationalism created problems there after he died Groups were rebelling against the Serbs Slovenia became independent in 1991 Macedonia, Bosnia, and Croatia soon did the same It was only Serbia and Montenegro

Muslims, Serbs and Croats had a civil war in Bosnia The Yugoslav president, Milosevic, gave money to the Serbs Wanted self-governing regions Muslims were the majority in Bosnia Didn’t want the country to be made up on ethnic regions There was lots of ethnic cleansing- people killing people of other ethnic groups Serbs killed Bosnian Muslims Mass executions, always very brutal Muslims were mad, so the attacked the Serbs Many innocent people were killed Seemed like Nazi Germany

UN, NATO, and Russia tried to help In 1995, NATO had some air strikes on the Serb military That started some peace talks The US led Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbs to sign the Dayton Accords This was a series of peace agreements Lots of international help The groups were still very hostile and did not get along

Kosovo was a Yugoslav province in a historic part of Serbia Many ethnic Albanians settled there This mainly Muslim group made up 90% of the population by 1990 Everyone else was probably a Serb President Milosevic ended the Muslims’ limited self-rule in 1989 The Muslim Kosovars really didn’t like that A war by them against the Serbs More ethnic cleansing… Milosevic was very much in support of that everywhere

UN and NATO demanded peace negotiations Nothing happened, so NATO launched air strikes Many Serbian massacres Yugoslav forces left Kosovo Peace talks began Many refugees also returned International aid helped build homes and organize government Milosevic was overthrown in 2000 Yugoslavia became Serbia and Montenegro in 2003 Still internal problems Still ethnic feuds Two-year-old boy refuge… series won the Pulitzer Prize

NATO and international aid occurred much faster in Kosovo than Bosnia War crimes- violating rules of war that forbid atrocities such as the mass killings of prisoners or civilians Milosevic and others were charged

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