Dr. Mustafa Saad 1

Cartilage is a specialized type of connective tissue whose ECM is of a firm consistency which allows the cartilage to bear mechanical stresses. Cartilage is formed of Chondrocytes and ECM. This ECM is composed of fibers and ground substance synthesized by the chondrocytes. According to the relative contents of the ECM, cartilage can be divided into three types: 1.Hyaline Cartilage. 2.Elastic Cartilage. 3.Fibrocartilage. 2

Cartilage has no vascular or nervous supply. Nutrients and stimuli reach this tissue by diffusion from the Perichondrium or from the nearby synovial fluid. Perichondrium: Is a layer of dense connective tissue that covers all hyaline cartilage (except in joints) and elastic cartilage. It’s richly vascular and contains collagen fibers and fibroblast cells. It’s essential for the nourishment of the cartilage. Peri- = around. Chondro- = related to cartilage. 3

Functions of Cartilage: 1.Support of soft tissues, as in the larynx and trachea. 2.Acts as a shock absorber because of its smooth and resilient surface. 3.Important for development and growth of bones before and after birth. 4

Chondrocytes: Lacuna (plural, lacunae) = small space, gap 5  Oval or round cells.  Located inside spaces in the surrounding matrix called lacunae.  Each lacuna may contain 1-8 chondrocytes.  Function: production of the ECM including the fibers and large molecules of the ground substance.

6 Hyaline Cartilage  The most common type of cartilage. Fresh hyaline cartilage is bluish-white and translucent.  During development, it serves as a template for the formation of long bones.  Location (in adults): 1.Articular surfaces of some joints. 2.Some cartilages of the airway passages (nose, larynx and trachea). 3.Costal cartilages. 4.The epiphyseal growth plate.

7 Fig.1: Hyaline Cartilage. Note the perichondrium on the top.

8  The chondrocytes near the surface are oval. As we go down they become rounded.  The ECM is rich in collagen fibers. However, this collagen cannot be seen by the LM because of 1) The collagen here is thin and 2) It cannot be discerned from the stain of the surrounding matrix.  The ground substance is formed of GAGs (hyaluronic acid), proteoglycans (aggrecan) and multiadhesive glycoprotein (chondronectin).

9 Elastic Cartilage  It’s similar to hyaline cartilage except that it contains few collagen fibrils, but is rich in elastic fibers (which gives the fresh cartilage a yellow color).  Location: 1.Auricle of the ear. 2.Wall of external auditory canal. 3.Auditory tube. 4.Epiglottis and cuneiform cartilages of the larynx.

10 Fig.2: Elastic Cartilage. Special stain was used for the elastic fibers (arrows). Note the perichondrium (P) on both sides.

11 Fibrocartilage The lacunae may contain a single or multiple chondrocytes. The chondrocytes are arranged axially. The matrix is rich in collagen fibers that may be regular or irregular. This type of cartilage possess no perichondrium. Location: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and insertion of some ligaments. Fig.3: Fibrocartilage. Note the axial arrangement of the chondrocytes and the acidophilic matrix.

12 Intervertebral Discs o These discs are located between the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae. o They’re formed of two parts: 1.Outer Annulus fibrosus. 2.Inner Nucleus pulposus. o They act as cushions and shock absorbers for the vertebrae.

13 Annulus fibrosus: o It’s formed of an external dense connective tissue layer. Internally, there are multiple layers of fibrocartilage. The direction of the collagen fibers in any layer is 90º to that of the adjacent layer. o This arrangement makes the annulus resilient and enable it to act as a support for the vertebrae.

14 Nucleus pulposus: o It’s formed of a viscous, gel-like substance rich in hyaluronic acid and some collagen fibers. o It may contain some cells. o It acts as a shock absorber.  If the annulus ruptures, the nucleus will protrude outside the disc  Disc herniation. If this occurs posteriorly, it may compress the spinal cord.

15 Cartilage Formation, Growth and Repair  Formation of cartilage is from precursor cells  Chondroblasts.  Growth of cartilage is by two methods: 1)Interstitial growth: in which the chondrocytes of the cartilage divide to form new cells. 2)Appositional growth: in which the cells of the surrounding perichondrium differentiate into chondrocytes.  Cartilage repair is usually slow and incomplete due to the avascularity of this tissue.

16 The END