W ARM -U P / EOC P REP 1) The random distribution of homologous chromosomes during the metaphase of meiosis is called what? A. Crossing overB. Budding C. Independent assortmentD. Mutation 2) Put the following terms in order from smallest to largest: Chromosomes, DNA, genes, nucleus A. DNA, nucleus, chromosomes, genes B. genes, chromosomes, nucleus, DNA C. DNA, genes, chromosomes, nucleus D. DNA, chromosomes, genes, nucleus

A GENDA Warm-Up Mutation Practice Notes- Reviewing Genetics Alien Encounter! Cool-Down

M UTATION P RACTICE Name the correct mutation! Normal Gene: ACA TCA CCG Mutation # 1: ACG TCA CCG Mutation # 2: ACA ACT CCG Mutation # 3: AAT CAC CG

M UTATION P RACTICE Name the correct mutation! Normal Gene: TCG CCG ACG Mutation # 1: TCT GCC GAC G Mutation # 2: TCG CCG CCG ACG Mutation # 3: GCC GCT ACG

G ENETICS R EVIEW

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA codes for proteins – the central key to cell function and life.

DNA R EPLICATION The process allows daughter cells to have an exact copy of parental DNA. The daughter strands are made of one “old” and one “new” strand. Mutations are changes in the DNA code. DNA replication happens during the Synthesis phase of Interphase (S phase) Relatively weak hydrogen bonds allow the DNA strands to separate and then rebind during replication.

P ROTEIN S YNTHESIS - DNA TRANSCRIPTION Transcription produces an RNA copy of DNA, which is further modified into the three types of RNA. mRNA travels to the ribosome (rRNA)

P ROTEIN S YNTHESIS - T RANSLATION Translation – the process of making proteins from mRNA. tRNA supplies appropriate amino acids to the ribosome. Amino acids linked by peptide bonds form polypeptides (amino acid chains) which are folded into proteins.

Copy down “Flow of Genetic Information” concept map from whiteboard!

C OMPLEMENTARY B ASE P AIR R ULES DNA to complementary DNA strand (during DNA replication) A – T T – A C – G G – C Example: ACT CTA ACG CAC GTT CCT

C OMPLEMENTARY B ASE P AIR R ULES DNA to complementary mRNA strand (during DNA transcription) A – U T – A C – G G – C Example: ACT CTA ACG TTC ACG GCA

C OMPLEMENTARY B ASE P AIR R ULES mRNA to complementary DNA strand (during reverse transcription) U – A A – T C – G G – C Example: ACU CUA UCG CUA UAC GGA

C OMPLEMENTARY B ASE P AIR R ULES mRNA to tRNA (codon to complementary anti-codon sequence ) A – U U – A C – G G – C Example: UGA CGU UAC GUA CAU CCG

C OMPLEMENTARY B ASE P AIR R ULES mRNA to amino acid chain (during translation) Example: ACU AUC UUC CGA CCC GAC

G ENE R EGULATION All of an organism’s cells have the same DNA but differ based on the expression of genes. Multicellular organisms have differentiated cells. Cells respond to their environment by producing different types and amounts of protein. Overproduction, underproduction, or production of proteins at the incorrect times can have advantages (injury repair) and disadvantages (cancer).

A LIEN E NCOUNTERS Complete the Alien Encounter activity after being given your own DNA sequence. Follow the instructions given on the paper. You will be transcribing, translating, and determining traits of your own alien. Check your results with me before you begin drawing your alien.

C OOL -D OWN 1- The purpose of replication is to take _________ and make ___________. 2- The purpose of transcription is to take _________ and make ___________. 3- The purpose of translation is to take _________ and make ___________.