Genetic Engineering Biology WAGGY

How DNA is manipulated What is GE? Making changes to the DNA code of an organism is similar to changing computer code First the code needs to be taken out of the computer,read and changes made to it Then it is put back into the computer Changing DNA works in the same way

1. DNA is extracted: –The cell membrane & nuclear membrane is broken so the DNA is released 2. DNA is separated: –The DNA is separated from the rest of the cell debris and is washed 3. DNA is modified: –Using chemicals to ‘cut and paste’ sections of DNA into the original strand 4. Copies are made: –To ensure that the changes are given to each cell, copies of the new DNA must be made 5. Change it’s name: –Once it has been modified we call it recombiant DNA

Genetic EngineeringTypes: As technology gets better we are now able to change, add or delete characteristics by changing an organisms genetic code We can do this several ways: –1. Genetically Modified Organisms –2. Cloning –3. Vaccines –4. Gene Therapy –5. GM foods –6. Synthetic DNA

1.Genetically Modified Organisms These are organisms that had their genome manipulated in some way. Transgenic - genes of completely different organisms added Cisgenic - genes of similar organisms have been added Knock-out -certain genes have been removed from the genome

Transgenic Organisms Bacteria: –medicines like insulin have made the treatment of diabetes much more affordable -Insulin is made by inserting the human gene for insulin into a bacteria -The bacteria reproduces rapidly allowing more insulin to be made in a short time

Plants: –Strawberries have the antifreeze gene from deep sea fishes added to prevent damage from frost -Corn has had spider venom genes added to it to prevent deer & other animals from eating it in the farmers fields

Venomous cabbage- the gene for the poison in scorpion tails have been added to cabbage. This limits pesticide use while still preventing caterpillars from damaging cabbage crops.

Web spinning goats - Strong, flexible spider silk is one of the most valuable materials in nature it can be used to make an array of products from artificial ligaments to parachute cords In 2000, a goat that produced spiders’ web protein in its milk was engineered

Fast growing salmon - Genetically engineered Atlantic salmon has an added growth hormone from a Chinook salmon that allows the fish to produce growth hormone year-round.

Cisgenic This has been used only in plants so far A desirable trait from the wild type plant in added to the domestic type plants genome to enhance it Example: wild wheat is resistant to a disease called rust while the domestic wheat is not