Chapter 3 An Age of Exploration and Isolation,

Section 1 Europeans Explore the East Preview: The Renaissance encouraged a spirit of adventure and curiosity. Other reasons, including gaining wealth and advances in sailing technology enabled new exploration.

“God, Glory and Gold” A. Some contacts with other countries 1. Crusades and Europeans v. Muslims Marco Polo, 1275 – Italian trader to China

B. Reasons for Exploration 1. Become wealthy 2. Spread Christianity 3. Allowed by new sailing technology 1689 world

C. Need for trade routes 1. Desire for new sources of wealth = exploration 2. Involved with the spice trade from Asia a. Brought back from the Crusades, b. Nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper c. High demand + low supply = higher prices

3. Arabs (Muslims) and Italians controlled the trade routes, sales, and prices 4. Other European merchants and rulers wanted water routes to reach Asia

D. Spread of Christianity 1. Lingering hostility between Christians and Muslims after Crusades 2. Desire to trade and convert non-Christians 3. Outgrowth of Reformation and Counter-Reformation

E. Advances in sailing technology 1.New ships – caravels / new sails – triangular to use wind (lateen sail) 2. Astrolabe – showed where N or S of the equator 3. Magnetic compass

II. Portugal Leads the Way A. Reasons for Portugal’s leadership 1. Prince Henry (the Navigator) = government support

– conquered Ceuta in North Africa 3. Found spices, gold, silver, jewels 4. Established school for navigation Prince Henry the Navigator Park – New Bedford, MA

5. By 1460 – series of trading posts along west Africa 6. Also began trading in slaves

B. Sea routes to Asia 1. Idea – sail around Africa to reach Asia – Bartolomeu Dias – reached southeastern tip of Africa

– Vasco da Gama – went around Africa, landed in Calicut in India 4. Found spices, silks, jewels, etc. 5. Brought back cargo of spices – made 60% profit 6. **showed Portugal a direct sea route to India

III. Spain makes Claims A. Christopher Columbus 1. Expedition to sail west to reach Asia, not east 2. Landed and claimed Caribbean areas for Spain

B. Treaty of Tordesillas 1. Pope Alexander VI – divides territory between Spain and Portugal 2. Line of Demarcation – W = Spain’s // E = Portugal’s

IV. Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean A. Portugal’s Empire 1. Broke Muslim control of area around India , fort at Hormuz; controlled Straits of Hormuz leading to Persian Gulf from Arabian Sea

– captured Goa on India’s west coast – seized Malacca and control of the Strait of Malacca 5. Controlled the Moluccas – “Spice Islands” 6. New imported goods were 1/5 of what had cost from Arabs and Italians

B. Others challenge the Portuguese 1. Spain – 1521 – Magellan’s voyage – claimed and settled in the Philippines

C. The Netherlands (Dutch Republic) 1. Netherlands broke from Spanish control and created the Dutch Republic 2. By 1600 – largest sailing fleet in world – 20,000 ships 3. Challenged Portugal’s control

4. English and Dutch – created East India Companies a.Direct trade in area for their countries b. Could mint money, make treaties, raise armies

5. Dutch East India Company – ousted English and became dominant – Batavia on Java = headquarters 7. Seized Malacca and Spice Islands from Portugal

8. Amsterdam (Netherlands’ capital) became European financial center 9. By 1700 – ruled much of Indonesia and other trading areas in Asia 10. Controlled Cape of Good Hope at southern tip of Africa – resupply stop

D. British and French traders 1. English (British) East India Company – controlled areas in India and cloth trade by French – developed slowly / 1720s – outpost in India

E. Influence in Asia 1. Little influence beyond the coastal areas and islands 2. Asians – – largely unaffected by European contact Mount SemeruMount Semeru and Mount BromoMount Bromo in East Java, Indonesia