17.4 – The Reformation Continues

John Calvin Influential in the spread of Protestantism 1536: Publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion Summary of Protestant beliefs View men & women as sinful by nature Believed in predestination: God knew who he was going to save or “elect” Teachings = Calvinism John Calvin

Calvinism Spreads Ideal government: Theocracy Religious leaders rule 1540s: rules city of Geneva – a “model city” Strict: No bright clothing or card games; religion classes Brutal punishments 1559: John Knox (Scotsman) follows Calvin’s teaching = Presbyterians Calvinism spreads throughout Europe France: Calvinists = Huguenots Catholics kill 1000s of them

Anabaptists Protestants: Bible source of all religious truth Baptized those only enough to decide Viewed church & state to be separate Refused to fight wars & share possessions Persecuted by Catholics & Protestants Forerunners of Mennonites & Amish Influence the Quakers & Baptists

Women Reforms & renaissance ideas = more influence from women Many protect reformers Marguerite of Navarre saves John Calvin Katherina von Bora (Luther’s wife) Mothers children, manages finances, cooked meals, supports Luther Pushed for women to have equal marriage roles Beginning of the modern woman

Catholic Reforms Millions stayed with the Catholic Church Aid cause through reforms = Catholic Reformation Ignatius of Loyola = Reformer from Spain 1522: Spiritual Exercises Daily plan of meditation, prayer, & study 1540: Pope creates the Society of Jesus = Jesuits 1) Found schools in Europe 2) Convert non-believers 3) stop spread of Protestantism

Reforming Popes Reforms of Pope Paul III Reforms of Pope Paul IV 1) Investigated indulgences & abuses 2) Approved Jesuit order 3) Uses Inquisition to seek out heresy 4) called the Council of Trent Reforms of Pope Paul IV Carries out the council’s decrees 1559: Draws up list of dangerous books to the faith Orders books to be burned

Council of Trent 1545-1563: Catholic bishops & cardinals establish doctrines Agreed upon doctrines: Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final Salvation = faith & good works The Bible & traditions guided Christian life Indulgences were valid, but couldn’t be false

Legacy of the Reformation Religious & Social Effects Political Effects Protestant churches flourish New denominations develop Catholic Church is stronger as a religious entity More emphasis on education Colleges & universities established Women mostly limited to concerns of home & family = some new roles Catholic political authority declines More power for monarchs & states = the modern nation-state 1600s = power sought through war, exploration, & expansion Lays the groundwork for the Enlightenment