CHAPTER 23 SECTION 2 Revolution Brings Terror and Reform

Key Terms Legislative Assembly Émigré Sans-coulotte Jacobin Maximilien Robespierre Guillotine Reign of Terror

Legislating New Rights 1789 National Assembly eliminated al feudal dues and services Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen-basic principles  Equality  Liberty  Fraternity (brotherhood)

Legislating New Rights Inspired by English Bill of Rights American Declaration of Independence Writings of Enlightenment philosophers All men are born equal and remain equal

Restrictions on Power Seized the royal family National Assembly seized church lands Sold them off to pay France’s debt All religious orders were disbanded Turned the clergy into public employees

Factions split France All members of national convention supported the revolution Three political factions First- Radicals  Sat on the left side of the hall  Opposed the ideas on the monarchy  Wanted sweeping changes in the way government was run

Factions Split France Second-Conservatives  Sat on the right side of the hall  Upheld the idea of a monarchy  Wanted a few changes in governmentally

Factions in the New Government Émigré- nobles and others who had fled France Faction outside of the national Assembly  Hoped to undo the Revolution  Restore the Old Regime

Factions Split France Sans-coulottes  Those without knee britches  Wore regular trousers  Did not have a role in the assembly  Discovered ways to exert their power on the streets of France

France at War 1792 Prussian forces advance towards Paris Threatened to destroy Paris if any of the royal family were harmed 20,000 men and women invaded Tuileries where the royal family was Massacred royal guards Imprisoned the royal family

France at War French troops defending Paris were sent to reinforce the army Rumors spread supporters of the king would break out and seize control Citizens raid prisons and killed thousands Nobles, priests and royalist sympathizers were victims

France at War Legislative Assembly set aside the constitution Declared the king deposed Dissolved the assembly Called for new election National Convention took office

Tightening Control National Convention tightened hold on France Abolished the monarchy Declared France a Republic Adult males given the right to vote and hold office Women were not given those rights

Jacobins Take Control Jean-Paul Marat- advocate of violence Leader of Paris sans culottes Edited a newspaper called Friend of the people One of the National convention’s most radical leaders Called for the death of all who support the king

Radical Leaders Georges-Jacques Danton  violent agitator  Popular with the people  Devoted the rights of Paris’s poor people

Execution of the King National Assembly had reduced Louis XVI from king to common citizen and prisoner National convention had the king placed on trial Jacobins tried Louis for treason January 21, 1793 Louis placed on the guillotine

Execution of the King Louis tried to proclaim innocence Young guard held up the dripping head for all to see Europeans reacted in horror London Times condemned the revolution and execution as savagery

War Continues Austria and Prussia French army won a victory at Battle of Valmy Great Britain, Holland, and Spain joined against France France suffered defeats 300,000 French citizens between 18 and 40 were drafted 800,000 in army including women

Transforming Society Leaders of new government wanted to erase the past Including religion Many clergy lost their positions Paris local governments closed churches

Terror Grips France Robespierre wanted to build a “republic of virtue” Wipe out everything from France’s past Thought religion was old fashioned and dangerous Closed all the churches ”

Terror Grips France Metric system replaced old weights and measures Months were renamed Each month had 3 ten day weeks Revolutionary calendar fell out of use Metric system still used

Reign of Terror Great Britain, Holland, Spain, Austria, Prussia formed a coalition for war Took drastic measures to prevent a counterrevolution Committee of Public Safety was to protect the revolution from its enemies

Accusations by Trial Anyone who criticized revolution or connected to the Old Order were in danger The accused had few rights Some were forbidden to defend themselves

The Terror Grips France Enemies were tried in the morning and guillotined in the afternoon. Justified use of terror to enable citizens to remain true to the ideals of revolution Saw a connection between virtue and terror

Terror Grips France Many who had led the revolution received death sentences Only crime was that they were less radical than Robespierre George Danton’s friends were afraid to defend him Said “Don’t forget to show his head. It’s well worth seeing”

Death by Guillotine Most common sentence of death Death was quick Condemned rode in open cart and were paraded through the streets Sometimes people would cheer or jeer them

The Terror’s Victims Did not spare particular class, occupation, or gender Peasants and laborers the largest group executed Marie Antoinette one of the earliest victims

The Terror’s Victims Olympe de Gouges who wrote Declaration of Woman and the Female Citizen was executed Nuns who refused to close their convents Robespierre himself was executed His head and 100 supporters were killed

Terror’s Victims 10 months 300,000 people were arrested 17,000 were executed Widespread violence shocked the French Increased foreign opposition to the Revolution Actions to protect revolution actually weakened it

After the Terror 1795 National Convention wrote another constitution Restricted voting rights to men who own property Governing board called the Directory was formed Made up of five men

After the Terror Passed some financial reforms Not a effective government Directors were weak and corrupt Rule shared many characteristics of the Old Order Result was a power vacuum