EVENTS & RESULTS of the CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT ( )

MAIN IDEA: A variety of events throughout the Deep South between 1954 and 1965 led to the passage of two important pieces of federal legislation.

Historical Background Pre-Civil War Dred Scott v. Sanford Civil War ( ) Reconstruction Amendments th th th Congressional legislation clause End of Reconstruction Jim Crow Laws De Jure Segregation Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) De facto segregation Loss of voting rights A Slave was still a slave even in free states Outlawed Slavery Made Slaves Citizens & gave Equal Protection Guaranteed the right to vote Laws separating the races Segregation by LAW Created Separate But Equal Segregated in fact, not by law poll tax literacy test grandfather clause intimidation Congress could pass any laws necessary to inforce these Amendments

Goal One: The End of Segregation EDUCATION  Brown v. Board of Education Overturned Separate but equal  Little Rock Central H.S. Arkansas Governor blocked the school with national guard President Eisenhower took control of the Guard and sent federal troops to enforce integration  Integration at Ole Miss and Alabama Supreme Court upholds James Meredith right to enter Ole Miss; Violence erupts on campus

Goal One: The End of Segregation PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS Montgomery Bus Boycott  Bus company desegregated the busses; MLK emerged as an important leader Sit-ins  Peaceful actions that sparked violent reactions; gained momentum for the civil rights movement Freedom Rides  Attempts to desegregate lead to mob violence; the Interstate Commerce Commission banned segregation in interstate transport Birmingham  Violence against peaceful demonstrators shock the nation March on Washington  200,000 people demonstrate in support of civil rights

Results of Goal One  Civil Rights Act of 1957  Established a civil rights commission  Created a civil right division in the department of justice  Civil Rights Act of 1960  Strengthened the 1957 act by giving courts more power to infoce voting laws  Prescribed criminal penalties for bombing and bomb threats  CIVIL RIGHTS ACT of 1964  Banned the use of different voter registration standard for whites and blacks  Prohibited discrimination in public accommodations (Motels, restaurants, gas stations, theaters, and sports arenas)  Denied federal funding from programs that practice discrimination  Created the EEOC and banned discrimination based on race, sex, religion, or national origin  Civil Rights Act of 1968  Prohibited the discrimination in the sale or rental of most houseing

Goal Two: The Right to Vote Freedom Summer  Voter Registration Drive in Mississippi  James Chaney, Andrew Goldman, and Michael Schwerner were killed 1964 Democratic National Nominating Convention  Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party – MFDP Argued they, not the segregationist representatives from Mississippi were the legitimate delegates Johnson offered to let 2 members sit among Mississippi's 68 seats and to change the law next year to eliminate discrimination The MFDP refused to compromise March from Selma to Montgomery #1  Tried to call attention to voting rights in Selma  State troopers attacked the Marchers and Broke it up  TV coverage caused outrage across the country March from Selma to Montgomery #2  The National Guard protected the March this time and all was peaceful

Results of Goal Two  23rd Amendment – 1961  Assigned presidential electors to the District of Columbia  24th Amendment – 1964  Banned the use of the Poll Tax as a voting requirement

Results of Goal Two VOTING RIGHTS ACT of southern states lost control of voting Banned literacy tests Sent Federal Voting Examiners to run elections 10 yr. complaint free to get state control back Federal permission to change state voting laws Upheld as constitutional by Supreme Court Extended in 1970, 1975, 1982, 2007 Now includes minority language ballot requirements

Other Major Civil Rights Issue AFFIRMATIVE ACTION policy that gives special consideration to women and minorities to make up for past discrimination University of California Board of Regents v. BAKKE  Ruled that this was a case of Reverse Discrimination because it used numerical Quotas Supreme Court has never ruled Affirmative Action itself unconstitutional

Things to Remember: What Amendment and what Supreme Court Case are vital to the success of Civil Rights Movement? 14 th Amendment Brown v. Topeka Bd. Of Education What are the 2 most important pieces of Civil Rights legislation passed by Congress? CRA of 1964 VRA of 1965