WOOD-BURNING STOVES IN BUILDINGS WORLDWIDE: LOCAL MEASURES TO REDUCE REAL-WORLD EMISSIONS SEMINAR ON REAL-WORLD EMISSIONS FROM RWC COPENHAGEN, DENMARK Ricardo L. Carvalho, Ole M. Jensen, Luís A. Tarelho Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, Denmark Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Aveiro University, Portugal

Wood-burning stoves through ages Wood smoke, exposure and impacts Comparing studies in Europe Outdoor/indoor measurements Local interventions Wood-burning stoves in buildings

Wood-burning stoves through the ages Old english: Stofa = enclosed space = ”stoved in” Goudsblom J (2001) Fire, human use and consequences, Fine Arts, 2001 Wrangham R. (2010) Catching the fire: how cooking made us human 1 million years ago Lightning: ”centre of activity” years ago Cooking: ”Centre of humans” 1 million years ago Lightning: ”centre of activity” years ago Cooking: ”Centre of humans” 200 years ago ”focus” ~ home Steel exhaust Tightness 200 years ago ”focus” ~ home Steel exhaust Tightness 5 years ago Global world ”energy” Insulation Design Controlled venting 5 years ago Global world ”energy” Insulation Design Controlled venting ADVANCE Control of house and stoves ADVANCE Control of house and stoves IMPROVEMENT Control of fire in stoves IMPROVEMENT Control of fire in stoves TRADITION Domestication of fire on the ground TRADITION Domestication of fire on the ground

More than any time in the human history!

(Still) Popular traditional WBSs Women cooking and heating in Hymalayas 3-stove fire, Inhabitat, 2014 Recreational heat in Europe Open fire, 2014

Wood smoke, exposure and impacts Mix of toxic substances including CO, TVOCs and Aerosols include climate forcing black carbon PM2.5 is the best single indicator for exposure associated to:  Child pneumonia  Low birth weight  Chronic pulmunary disease (COPD)  Lung cancer  Cardiovascular disease  Others Mix of toxic substances including CO, TVOCs and Aerosols include climate forcing black carbon PM2.5 is the best single indicator for exposure associated to:  Child pneumonia  Low birth weight  Chronic pulmunary disease (COPD)  Lung cancer  Cardiovascular disease  Others

Largest impact on the mortality In cold areas, heating requires more fuel than cooking during the cold days! Industry Land trafficResidential Residential wood heating is a major source in China and Europe Biomass burning Power generationAgriculture Nature

Household air pollution: outdoor/indoor smoke World Health Organization. Global Burden Disease (2013) World Health Organization (2012) ICS-mud heating, Peru Carvalho, 2012

”Improved stoves”: enclosed with chimney now become more popular in southern countries Convective insert, Portugal Solzaima, 2015 Wood-log stove, Chile Google, 2015 Lars Mytting. Norwegian chopping, stacking, and drying wood: The Scandinavian way (2015).

Information on emissions is not comparable!: representing the real apliance types? ~1.5 Mo installations [1] C. Gonçalves, C. Alves, C. Pio. Inventory of fine particulate organic compound emissions from residential wood combustion in Portugal. Atmospheric Environment, 50, , [14] Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Housing units of usual residence (No.) by Geographic localization (at the date of Census 2001) and Sewal disposal system; Decennialin Portugal, TJ 11 kt PM2.5 ~0.7 Mo installations TJ 17 kt PM2.5

[12] Incentive, Forced Technology. Danish Ministry of Environment. Virkemiddelkatalog for NOX, PM2.5, NMVOC og NH3, Miljøprojekt nr. 1514, [1] C. Gonçalves, C. Alves, C. Pio. Inventory of fine particulate organic compound emissions from residential wood combustion in Portugal. Atmospheric Environment, 50, , [18] EMEP, 2013 Are there inconsistencies in the emission factors?

Simulating real-world emissions in different ways? Tunnel at University of Aveiro Portugal, 2015 Tunnel in testing centre Denmark, 2010

[5] E.D. Vicente, M.A. Duarte, A.I. Calvo, T.F. Nunes, L. Tarelho, C.A. Alves. Emission of carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons and particulate matter during wood combustion in a stove operating under distinct conditions, Light small and from the top!

2- Use modern stoves with dry fuels! Automatic stoves, Portugal Cavalho, 2015 Vicente et al. Particulate emissions from the combustion of different biofuels in a pellet stove, Atmospheric Environment, % efficiency, Heavy metals in pellets from industrial materials Olive pits high PM! EN certified pellets, Portugal Cavalho 2015 Particles from local pellets in Aveiro, Cavalho 2015

3- Design proper interventions!

Low wattageMiddle wattageHigh wattage ADVANCED ”Ash” IMPROVED ”burning with flames” TRADITIONAL ”smouldering” Eg. PeruEg. SpainEg. Denmark Globally, there are very few evidences on local outdoor/indoor climate effects! Household wood-heating transformation

HAP studies China, Li & Shan**, 2014 Germany Salthammer, 2014 USA, Nonan, 2012 WHO/ISO Study design10 old WBSs 7 old and new WBSs 21 old WBSs (pre-intervention) 21 new WBSs (post-intervention) World Outdoor PM2.5 emissions g/kgF 2.7±4.3* (very high CO) 5-25 <10<1 g/kgF Outdoor [PM2.5] µg/m ± ± µg/m3 Indoor [PM2.5] µg/m3 367±230**4-5545±3320.4± µg/m3 Indoor temperature (oC) < ± ± Local wood smoke and interventions: …few studies on ”stove replacement” only…

New measurements to test household interventions CPC/temp-RH (UFP) variations outdoors CPC/temp-RH (UFP) variations indoors PM2.5 temp/RH Particles size ranges CO, TVOCs variations Low energy house in Oslo, Norway Foto by Barbosa, 2014

Hwam auto-pilot, Aarhus, Denmark Carvalho, 2014 Heta Solar hydronic, Oslo, Norway Foto by Barbosa, 2014 Digital Manual 3.a. ”Advanced wood-burning” devices

3.b. ”Draft design” & energy savings Smart control ca. intake out Manual >50% supply Primary heat! Overheat Heating area between m 2 LEHOLD Smart control

digital manual IAQ #/cm3 Time (hours) New indoor intake New outdoor intake 3.b. ”Draft design” & variations on IAQ Old indoor intake Lightning Refilling Background

How to design realistic interventions?: Work on local measures for future buildings! Low-income Mid-income High-income Billions (worldwide) Millions (Europe, NA and China) Thousands (worldwide) Inform on: How and when to burn? Proper fuels & stoves! Chimneys & mantainance Provide: Proper insulation and ventilation systems Stoves with control of air-inlets Realistic regulations Retrofit: Heat recovery & chimney integrations Digital devices Building sensors