10/03/2016 Chemistry 1

10/03/2016 The structure of the atom _______ in _______ Proton in _______ _______ in nucleus

10/03/2016 Mass and atomic number ParticleRelative MassRelative Charge Proton _______ +1 Neutron1 _______ Electron _______ MASS NUMBER = number of _______ + number of _______ SYMBOL PROTON (ATOMIC) NUMBER = number of _______ (or electrons)

10/03/2016Symbols Elements are represented by symbols

Elements, compounds & mixtures 10/03/2016 Elements – contain one type of _______ Mixtures – _______ or more elements not chemically _______ Compounds – two or more elements _______ _______

10/03/2016 Mendeleev Periodic table FrRaCsBaLaHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrNaMgAlSiPSClArLiBeBCNOFNeH He Reactive metals _______ metals Other metals _______ _______ gases Separates _______ and _______ Columns called _______ Rows called _______

10/03/2016 Electron structure Potassium has 19 electrons. These electrons occupy specific energy levels “shells”… Nucleus The inner shell has ___electrons The next shell has ___electrons The next shell has the remaining __ electron Electron configuration = _______

10/03/2016Compounds Compounds are formed when two or more _______ are chemically _______. Some examples: Glucose Methane Sodium chloride (salt)

10/03/2016 Covalent bonding Hydrogen has just 1 electron in its outer shell. A full (inner) shell would have 2 electrons, so two hydrogen atoms get together and “ _______ ” their electrons: Now they both have a _______ outer shell and are more _______. The formula for this molecule is H 2. Atoms sharing electrons is called _______ BONDING. This bonding occurs between _______ atoms. Each atom make enough covalent bonds to fill it’s _______ _______

10/03/2016 Ionic bonding Na + This is where a _______ bonds with a _______. Electrons are _______ between atoms. Metal atoms _______ electrons to form _______ ions Non-metals _______ electrons to form _______ ions Sodium in Group 1 has 1 electron on its outer shell Chlorine in Group 7 has 7 electrons in outer shell. Sodium transfers 1 electron – so both atoms have a _______ outer shell and are _______. Positive and negative charges _______ A _______ charged sodium ion A _______ charged chloride ion Cl -

10/03/2016Limestone Limestone is a sedimentary rock made up of mainly _______ _______. It’s cheap and easy to obtain by _______. Uses  _______ materials  Making _______. CaCO 3 heated with _______  Making _______. Cement mixed with sand and _______  Neutralising _______ & lakes - _______ lime

Limestone Positives of quarrying Provides _______ Provides materials Provides _______ products Negatives of quarrying Destroys _______ Produces _______ and _______ Transportations makes pollution Destroys _______ 10/03/2016

The “Limestone Cycle” Calcium Carbonate (CaCO 3 ) calcium _______ + carbon dioxide CaO (quicklime) + CO 2 calcium _______ Ca(OH) 2 (slaked lime) Step 1: CaCO 3 heated – _______ _______ Step 2: add water to _______ Step 3: add _______ _______ to slaked lime + _______

Metal extraction 10/03/2016 Metals can either be found _______ in the ground (e.g. gold) or are found as _______ ores (e.g. iron = haematite, aluminium = bauxite) Metals  above carbon extracted by _______  below carbon extracted by _______  _______ and _______ found native increasing reactivity potassium sodium calcium magnesium aluminium carbon zinc iron lead copper silver gold

Reduction 10/03/2016 Reduction is the removal of _______ The metal ore is reacted with _______. The carbon is more _______ so removes the _______ from the ore iron oxide + carbon  carbon dioxide + iron carbon zinc iron lead copper

Electrolysis 10/03/2016 Electrolysis is breaking down a substance using _______ It needs a liquid to _______ electricity. High _______ are needed, which needs a lot of energy making it _______ potassium sodium calcium magnesium aluminium carbon Solution containing copper ions _______ electrode made of _______ copper – gains Cu 2+ ions = _______ _______ electrode made of _______ copper – loses Cu 2+ ions = _______ Cu 2+

Bioleaching & phytomining 10/03/2016 New mining techniques used to extract copper and decrease the effects of metal extraction on the environment. _______ uses bacteria to separate copper from copper _______. The solution produced (leachate) contains copper which can be filtered. _______ uses plants grown in soil containing _______, which builds up in leaves. Leaves burnt and copper in ash can be collected.

Recycling metals Fossil fuels running out Recycling uses less _______ than mining Recycling saves money Recycling cuts down on _______ sites Recycling reduces amount of _______

10/03/2016 FrRa CsBaLaHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRn RbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXe KCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr NaMgAl LiBe Properties of metals Strong Can be _______ Good conductors of heat and _______

10/03/2016 Copper, Aluminium and Titanium MetalPropertiesUses Copper Good _______ conductor, hard, strong, can be bent, doesn’t react with _______ Electrical _______, _______ pipes and tanks Aluminium _______ resistant, low _______, forms hard alloys _______ Titanium Low density, very _______, corrosion resistant _______ replacements

10/03/2016Alloys An “alloy” is a mixture of _______. Alloys are _______ than pure metals Gold mixed with copper Aluminium mixed with magnesium and copper Aluminiun mixed with chromium

10/03/2016 Using Iron Iron produced by the ____furnace contains about 96% iron and 4% impurities. These impurities make it very _______ and easy to break. Iron is alloyed to make _______. Steel with a _______ carbon content is easily shaped Steel with a _______ carbon content is strong but brittle Steel with _______ and nickel is called stainless steel

Crude oil 10/03/2016 Crude oil is a mixture of _______ (only contains elements hydrogen and carbon) The separate parts – _______ – can be extracted by fractionating _______ Crude oil piped in at bottom of fractionating _______, heated, oil evaporates and rises. Fractions _______ and are collected DecreasingtemperatureDecreasingtemperature

10/03/2016Alkanes Alkanes are _______ hydrocarbons - all of the atoms are held together by single bonds. General formula is C n H 2n+2 - twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon atoms plus an extra two Methane – ___ Ethane – ___ Propane – ___ Butane – ___

10/03/2016Patterns Longer chains mean… 1.More _______ (gloopy) 2.Less _______ 3.Higher _______ point Increasing length

10/03/2016Fuels A fuel is burned to release _______ Coal, oil and gas are _______ fuels.

10/03/2016 Burning Fossil Fuels Burning fossil fuels (_______ ) releases _______ and particles C H H H H O O O O O H H O H H C O O Complete combustion (plenty of _______ ) produces carbon _______ and water Carbon dioxide is a “greenhouse _______ ” – cause global warming Incomplete combustion (not enough of oxygen) produces carbon _______ and carbon O O C H H H H C O Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas

Sulphur dioxide 10/03/2016 Burning coal releases sulphur _______ and nitrogen oxides Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides cause acid rain and “global _______ ” – sunlight is absorbed by the particles in the atmosphere. Acid rain kills trees, causes lakes to become acidic killing wildlife and damage limestone buildigns and statues

Alternative fuels 10/03/2016 FuelProsCons Ethanol – made from plant material Carbon _______ – CO2 used for plant to grow. Other waste product is water Engines need to be _______. Isn’t widely available yet. Biodiesel – made from vegetable oils Carbon _______. Engines don’t need to be converted. Produces less SO 2 Expensive to make, would increase food prices Hydrogen gas – made from water Very clean – no _______ Need special, _______ engines. Isn’t widely available. Need to use energy to make it.

10/03/2016Cracking Useful short chain hydrocarbons can be made from long chain hydrocarbons by “ _______ ”: Long chain hydrocarbon Heated catalyst Liquid hydrocarbon Gaseous hydrocarbon Long chain hydrocarbon heated to thermally _______. Hydrocarbon _______, passes over a catalyst and splits into an alkane and an _______

10/03/2016Alkenes Alkenes are _______ hydrocarbons – there is a double bond between 2 carbon atoms. General formula is C n H 2n - twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon atoms Ethene – ____ Propene – ___ Butene – ____

Testing for alkenes 10/03/2016 Unsaturated alkene _______ bromine water

Making ethanol 1)Ethene reacted with _______ in presence of catalyst. Ethene comes from crude oil – will eventually run out 2)Sugar fermented with _______. Carbon dioxide also produced. Sugar grown - renewable 10/03/2016

Monomers and Polymers Alkenes can be used to make _______ (plastics) Lots of small alkene molecules – _______ – are joined together to make very large molecules – _______ Ethene  poly( _______ ) Propene  poly( _______ ) C C n CC n EthenePoly(ethene)

10/03/2016 Properties & uses of polymers Light and _______ – used for plastic bags _______ – used to make Lycra _______ – fabric coating Non- _______ – don’t rot

Extracting plant oils Extracted from _______ and seeds Plant material is crushed, pressed and _______ to remove _______ 10/03/2016

Emulsions 10/03/2016 Emulsions are a mixture of oil and _______. Droplets of one liquid are suspended in the other liquid. Emulsions are thicker and have lots of uses – mayonnaise, ice cream and paint are examples _______ stop emulsions from separating – e.g. egg yolk

Emulsifiers - HT 10/03/2016 Emulsifiers have a water oil emulsifier _______ (likes water, hates oil) part _______ (likes oil, hates water) part.

Saturated and unsaturated oils 10/03/2016 Vegetable oils are _______. They have a carbon-carbon _______ bond. Tested for _______ water

Hydrogenating oil- HT _______ vegetable oil can be hardened by reacting them with hydrogen in the presence of a _______ catalyst at 60oC. Hydrogen adds to the carbon-carbon double bond. Hydrogenated oils have higher _______ points = solid at room temperature. Useful for cakes and pastries 10/03/2016

The Structure of the Earth Thin _______ km thick _______ – has properties of a solid but it can also flow _______ – made of molten _______ and _______. Outer part is liquid and inner part is solid

10/03/2016 Tectonic plates The Earth’s crust is split up into _______ plates: These plates are moving apart from each other a few centimetres every year due to _______ currents in the _______ caused by the radioactive decay of rocks inside the core.

10/03/2016 Tectonic theory It was once thought that the oceans and the continents were formed by shrinkage from when the Earth cooled down after being formed. Alfred _______ proposed that there was once a single land mass, that has changed as tectonic plates moved - TECTONIC THEORY. The evidence he had was  the continents look like they “ _______ ” together.  had similar _______ patterns and _______ records.

10/03/2016 The Answer: 1)Scientists discovered 50 years later that the Earth generates massive amounts of heat through radioactive decay in the core. This heat generated _______ currents in the mantle causing the crust to move 2)We also now know that the sea floor is _______ outwards from plate boundaries Tectonic theory Wegener couldn't explain how _______ drift happened so nobody believed him

10/03/2016 Movement at boundaries Movement of plate boundaries can be sudden and disastrous. _______ and _______ happen at the boundaries between tectonic plates

10/03/ Billion years3 Billion years2 Billion years1 Billion yearsPresent day Evolution of the Earth’s Atmosphere Carbon dioxide MethaneAmmoniaOxygenNitrogenOthers Present day atmosphere = 78% N, 21% O 2, 1% _______ gases and about 0.03% CO 2 Phase 1 – volcanoes give out ___, H 2 O, CH 4 & NH 4. Water vapour and carbon dioxide _______ to form oceans Phase 2 – green plants evolved, using up _______ and producing _______.