Anatomy= The study of external and internal structures The study of external and internal structures The physical relationships among body parts The physical relationships among body parts Leonardo daVinci

Organization Atoms Atoms Molecules and Molecules and Macromolecules, such as proteins Macromolecules, such as proteins Organelles Organelles Cells Cells Tissues Tissues Organs Organs Organ Systems Organ Systems Organism Organism

The Systems

Planes Frontal Frontal –Think front! Transverse Transverse –“ Trans” = across Sagittal Sagittal –Especially mid-sagittal

Quadrants Surrounding the Umbilicus RUQ: Gall Bladder, Rt kidney RUQ: Gall Bladder, Rt kidney RLQ: Appendix, Rt ovary RLQ: Appendix, Rt ovary LUQ: Lt liver lobe, stomach, Lt kidney LUQ: Lt liver lobe, stomach, Lt kidney LLQ: Small intestine, Lt ovary LLQ: Small intestine, Lt ovary Superficial: Toward the skin Superficial: Toward the skin Deep: Farther inside Deep: Farther inside

These words are used all the time, including this class! Note the Anatomic Position.

Get used to them!

Body Cavities

Body Cavity Membranes More later!

Body Cavities

Imaging Light Microscopy (cytology) Light Microscopy (cytology) Electron Microscopy (ultrastructure) Electron Microscopy (ultrastructure) –TEM –SEM Radiography (X-Rays) Radiography (X-Rays) –CT Scanning Ultrasound Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Light Microscopy The specimen is fixed The specimen is fixed –Usually in formalin Then embedded in paraffin Then embedded in paraffin Sectioned with a microtome Sectioned with a microtome –Approx 5 μ sections and stained and stained –Enhances contrast for better visualization –Many types of stains H & E = Hematoxylin and Eosin H & E = Hematoxylin and Eosin –May add “artifact”

Microscope Schematic

Concepts Important for Viewing Resolution - The distance between two objects that is required for the two objects to be distinguished. Depth of Field - depth that focus is clear Contrast Formation - (e.g. absorption contrast) Illumination Source - diascopic vs. episcopic from below (compound) vs. from above (dissecting) Artifact – Distortion from preparation of the specimen

How The Concepts Interact As Resolution and Brightness improve, Depth of Field and Contrast are diminished. Vice versa is also true. These are controlled by the iris diaphragm, the position of the condensor, and the magnification.

Electron Microscopy Uses a beam of electrons to view topography, morphology, composition, and crystallography. EM was developed for 10,000 X magnification. Properties of light limit magnification of light microscopes to 1000 X and resolution to 0.2  m. Transmission Electron Microscope