Ch Reproduction and Development

Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction Under what circumstances would each be an advantage? When would each be a disadvantage? Hermaphroditic & sequential hermaphroditic Sessile, burrowing, parasitic Parthenogenesis (egg production w/out ____ )

Maori Wrasse: protogynous, protandrous

External fertilization: Fertilization happens in the environment Usually needs moisture Needs environmental cues: Timing, location, pheromones etc. Internal fertilization Copulation, usually fewer eggs, but more protection of embryos (iteroparity) (see Ch 52, table 52.3, and fig 52.4 other figures) Page 1089: semelparity (r) vs iteroparity (K) R and K selected populations -- see p.

Spermatogenesis Male forms of birth control About how long can human sperm last in the female body? Each meiotic division cycle makes __sperm. Do men have an equivalent to menopause?

Acrosome Semen components: Sperm from…? Sugars & mucus, alkaline fluid: from…? Citrate nutrient (acidic) from …? Neutralizer from…?

Menstrual cycle vs. estrous (heat) Forms of female birth control? What are fertility drugs? How many eggs are produced for each meiotic cycle? What is menopause? (cause?) Oogenesis

Study the phases and the hormones at each phase GnRH LH FSH HCG Progesterone Estrogen Testosterone

Fertilization, Cleavage, Implantation: what, where, when how?

Acrosomal and Cortical Reactions ( Fast-block and Slow-block to polyspermy)

Blastocyst: implantation Trophoblast becomes the: Embryonic placenta VIDEO

Placental barrier: What crosses to and from the fetus? What cannot cross? WHY?

Ecology terms and figures to look up… Mostly from ch 51, 52 P – 1075 Cohort Survivorship curves, types I, II, & III Fig 52.4, 52.8, (r and K) Semelparity Iteroparity Population Table 52.3 Carrying capacity Figs , What is fecundity Density dependent factors Density independent factors (examples?) Biomagnification and oestrogens (from chapter 54) p. 1147

Environmental estrogens Endocrine-disruptors Endocrine-modulators Ecoestrogens Environmental hormones Xenoestrogens Hormone-related toxicants Endocrine-active compounds Phytoestrogens

DDT: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Biomagnification or Bioaccumulation

Urchin Gastrulation ( proto or deutero- stome ? ) Triploblastic (know 3 layers) Archenteron Organogenesis trimesters

Table 47.1 GERM LAYER p. 945 Organs and tissues formed ECTODERMSkin, cornea and lens of eye, nervous system (neural tube), mouth and rectum ENDODERMDigestive tract lining, respiratory system lining, many organs MESODERMNotochord, skeleton, muscles, circulatory systems, reproductive system, excretory system

Nerve cord? Notochord? Primitive streak What structure(s) does each layer give rise to? Organogenesis (differentiation) happens very early

Spina bifida

Thalidomide (mutagen) caused horrific birth defects in the 1960s, when pregnant women in 48 countries used it as a sedative and to treat morning sickness. More than 12,000 babies were born with missing or misshapen limbs before the drug was banned worldwide.

MORPHOGENESIS CAMs Cell Adhesion Molecules: On surfaces of cells, help regulate morphogenetic move- ments and tissue binding, re-aggregation of dissociated cells Convergent Extension: (ECM) Glycoproteins: including fibronectins

Body axes, cell differences in the early embryo Egg polarity genes, gray crescent from fertilization, general positional information Morphogen: its concentration determines cells positions along a gradient Zone of polarizing activity (ZPA): avian limb buds, see p , positional information-- posterior Thalidomide drug, Folic acid (B vitamin)

Egg polarity genes, gray crescent from fertilization (cytoplasmic determinants ), general positional information

Egg polarizing (crude, early directional control)

Cytoplasmic determinants

Lizards (fig 46.2) Humans: Know the reproductive anatomy and functions of males and females