U.S. History Chapter 9 The Progressive Movement ( )

Populism wanted to make the government more responsive to the people (not big business) wanted to make the government more responsive to the people (not big business) wanted to limit the power of corporate trusts. wanted to limit the power of corporate trusts. called for government ownership of banks, railroads, and telegraphs. called for government ownership of banks, railroads, and telegraphs. supported an eight hour work day. supported an eight hour work day. formally known as the “People’s Party” formally known as the “People’s Party”

Populism Which Will Win? Source: New York Graphic, 14 August 1873

Progressivism Carried on the “fight” of the Populists. Carried on the “fight” of the Populists. Made people aware of the farmer in debt, the factory worker who could barely make ends meet, and the corrupt rich businessman and corrupt politician. Made people aware of the farmer in debt, the factory worker who could barely make ends meet, and the corrupt rich businessman and corrupt politician. Wanted to limit the power of corporate trusts. Wanted to limit the power of corporate trusts. The American public could not ignore the issues raised by the Progressives. The American public could not ignore the issues raised by the Progressives.

FOUR DIFFERENCES POPULISM 1. Strongest in rural areas 2. Followers were poor and uneducated. 3. Had radical ideas such as: Government ownership of major industries. Government ownership of major industries. 4. Reform failed. PROGRESSIVISM 1. Strongest in urban areas 2. Followers were middle- class and well educated. 3. Had non-radical ideas 4. Reform was successful.

Changes that the Progressives Demanded 1. The government had to listen to the voice of the people. Government had to change the very way it operated. Government had to change the very way it operated. 2. The government had to do more to protect the well being of ALL of its citizens. Such as regulating business, improving public health and safety and insure prosperity for all. Such as regulating business, improving public health and safety and insure prosperity for all.

What is a “muckraker?” Farmers who raked muck Farmers who raked muck Sensationalist who follow movie stars Sensationalist who follow movie stars Journalist who exposed corruption Journalist who exposed corruption

MUCKRAKERS Journalists who exposed corruption in business and politics. Journalists who exposed corruption in business and politics. Wrote for inexpensive and popular magazines. Wrote for inexpensive and popular magazines. Didn’t have a specific ideas for solutions, only exposed the problems and situations. Didn’t have a specific ideas for solutions, only exposed the problems and situations. Articles brought about reform through public pressure. Articles brought about reform through public pressure.

THE FOLLOWING ARE MUCKRAKERS

Upton Sinclair As a writer Sinclair gained fame in 1906 with the novel The Jungle, a report on the horrible and unhealthy conditions in the Chicago meatpacking industry. As a writer Sinclair gained fame in 1906 with the novel The Jungle, a report on the horrible and unhealthy conditions in the Chicago meatpacking industry. The book won Sinclair fame and fortune, and led to the implementation of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.

The Jungle: Chapter 3 “They had chains which they fastened about the leg of the nearest hog, and the other end of the chain they hooked into one of the rings upon the wheel. So, as the wheel turned, a hog was suddenly jerked off his feet and borne aloft.” “They had chains which they fastened about the leg of the nearest hog, and the other end of the chain they hooked into one of the rings upon the wheel. So, as the wheel turned, a hog was suddenly jerked off his feet and borne aloft.” “At the same instant the air was assailed by a most terrifying shriek; the visitors started in alarm, the women turned pale and shrank back. The shriek was followed by another, louder and yet more agonizing – for once started upon that journey, the hog never came back;… And meantime another was swung up, and then another, and another, until there was a double line of them, each dangling by a foot and kicking in frenzy – and squealing. The uproar was appalling, perilous to the eardrums; one feared there was too much sound for the room to hold – that the walls must give way or the ceiling crack. There were high squeals and low squeals, grunts, and wails of agony; there would come a momentary lull, and then a fresh outburst, louder than ever, surging up to a deafening climax. It was too much for some of the visitors…” “At the same instant the air was assailed by a most terrifying shriek; the visitors started in alarm, the women turned pale and shrank back. The shriek was followed by another, louder and yet more agonizing – for once started upon that journey, the hog never came back;… And meantime another was swung up, and then another, and another, until there was a double line of them, each dangling by a foot and kicking in frenzy – and squealing. The uproar was appalling, perilous to the eardrums; one feared there was too much sound for the room to hold – that the walls must give way or the ceiling crack. There were high squeals and low squeals, grunts, and wails of agony; there would come a momentary lull, and then a fresh outburst, louder than ever, surging up to a deafening climax. It was too much for some of the visitors…”

The Jungle: Chapter 9 “Of the butchers and floorsmen, the beef-boners and trimmers, and all those who used knives, you could scarcely find a person who had the use of his thumb; time and time again the base of it had been slashed, till it was a mere lump of flesh against which the man pressed the knife to hold it…. They would have no nails, – they had worn them off pulling hides; their knuckles were swollen so that their fingers spread out like a fan…” “Of the butchers and floorsmen, the beef-boners and trimmers, and all those who used knives, you could scarcely find a person who had the use of his thumb; time and time again the base of it had been slashed, till it was a mere lump of flesh against which the man pressed the knife to hold it…. They would have no nails, – they had worn them off pulling hides; their knuckles were swollen so that their fingers spread out like a fan…” “There were the beef-luggers, who carried two-hundred- pound quarters into the refrigerator-cars; a fearful kind of work, that began at four o'clock in the morning, and that wore out the most powerful men in a few years…” “There were the beef-luggers, who carried two-hundred- pound quarters into the refrigerator-cars; a fearful kind of work, that began at four o'clock in the morning, and that wore out the most powerful men in a few years…” “There were the wool-pluckers, whose hands went to pieces even sooner than the hands of the pickle men; for the pelts of the sheep had to be painted with acid to loosen the wool, and then the pluckers had to pull out this wool with their bare hands, till the acid had eaten their fingers off…” “There were the wool-pluckers, whose hands went to pieces even sooner than the hands of the pickle men; for the pelts of the sheep had to be painted with acid to loosen the wool, and then the pluckers had to pull out this wool with their bare hands, till the acid had eaten their fingers off…”

Chicago’s Stockyards

Meat Packers “They use everything about the hog except the squeal.”

Lincoln Steffens He wrote articles on the mismanagement of city governments and exposed municipal corruption. He wrote articles on the mismanagement of city governments and exposed municipal corruption. These articles were combined into a book entitled The Shame of the Cities.

Who Were the Progressives? These people desired to reform America. These people desired to reform America. They were well educated middleclass citizens consisting of small business owners, teachers, social workers and some politicians. They were well educated middleclass citizens consisting of small business owners, teachers, social workers and some politicians. All felt that government had to do something about the problems that plagued Americans. All felt that government had to do something about the problems that plagued Americans.

Ida Tarbell Tarbell became famous for her 16-part Tarbell became famous for her 16-part series on the corruption in the oil series on the corruption in the oil industry, which was published in McClure's. industry, which was published in McClure's. She spent 6 years researching John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company and how it ruthlessly treated its competitors (such as her father), the government and the public. She spent 6 years researching John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company and how it ruthlessly treated its competitors (such as her father), the government and the public.

Francis Perkins Became involved with the Hull House, Became involved with the Hull House, while studying in Chicago. while studying in Chicago. In 1933 President Roosevelt selected Perkins as In 1933 President Roosevelt selected Perkins as his Secretary of Labor. She was the first woman in American to hold a Cabinet post. his Secretary of Labor. She was the first woman in American to hold a Cabinet post. In June, 1938 Perkins managed to persuade Congress to pass the Fair Labor Standards Act. In June, 1938 Perkins managed to persuade Congress to pass the Fair Labor Standards Act.Fair Labor Standards ActFair Labor Standards Act

Fair Labor Standards Act Fair Labor Standards Act The act established maximum working hours of 44 a week for the first year, 42 for the second, and 40 thereafter. Minimum wages of 25 cents an hour were established for the first year, 30 cents for the second, and 40 cents over a period of the next six years. The act established maximum working hours of 44 a week for the first year, 42 for the second, and 40 thereafter. Minimum wages of 25 cents an hour were established for the first year, 30 cents for the second, and 40 cents over a period of the next six years. The Fair Labor Standards Act also prohibited child labor in all industries engaged in producing goods in inter-state commerce and placed a limitation of the labor of boys and girls between 16 and 18 years of age in hazardous occupations. The Fair Labor Standards Act also prohibited child labor in all industries engaged in producing goods in inter-state commerce and placed a limitation of the labor of boys and girls between 16 and 18 years of age in hazardous occupations.Fair Labor Standards ActFair Labor Standards Act

Immigrant Children at Jane Addams‘ Hull House in Chicago Copyright 1997 State Historical Society of Wisconsin

Robert M. LaFollette Nicknamed “Fighting Bob” Nicknamed “Fighting Bob” Progressive Era political leader Progressive Era political leader who served as a United States who served as a United States Congressman from 1885 to 1891, governor of Wisconsin from 1900 to 1905, and United States Senator from 1905 to Congressman from 1885 to 1891, governor of Wisconsin from 1900 to 1905, and United States Senator from 1905 to Wisconsin Idea: the first state to pass an income tax and a corporate tax. Wisconsin Idea: the first state to pass an income tax and a corporate tax. Also Also a railroad rate commission a railroad rate commission a conservation and waterpower act a conservation and waterpower act regulated state banks regulated state banks limited lobbying limited lobbying

Discussion: During the Progressive Era most people learned of news through newspapers and magazines. Muckraking journalists assumed a prime role of importance in forming public opinion. During the Progressive Era most people learned of news through newspapers and magazines. Muckraking journalists assumed a prime role of importance in forming public opinion. Do print journalists have the same power today? Do print journalists have the same power today? Has their role been diminished by T.V. and radio? How? Has their role been diminished by T.V. and radio? How? Have T.V. reporters taken on the roles of muckrakers? Have T.V. reporters taken on the roles of muckrakers?