The Crusades and Beyond Chapter 11

The crusades were military expeditions (wars) to recapture the holy land They lasted from 1096- 1204 What are the Crusades?

Who and Why? The Pope The Crusaders (Warriors) Pope Urban II sent European Christians to reclaim Jerusalem. He was worried because some Muslim rulers were destroying Christian holy sites in Jerusalem, and pilgrimage to Jerusalem was becoming increasingly dangerous. The Pope needed to raise a large army so he promised entry to heaven to anyone who went to fight in the crusades. Many townspeople, craftsmen, and peasants joined the knights in fighting. Who and Why?

1096- 1099 30,000 crusaders fought through Anatolia toward Palestine. Christian crusaders conquered Antioch and finally surrounded and easily captured Jerusalem. The first Crusade

1146- 1148 Muslims organized and banded together to capture Edessa. The Christians fought back, but were unable to hold on to Jerusalem. Muslims retook Edessa, Damascus, and Anatolia. The second Crusade

1189- 1192 Salah al-Din led a renewed fight against the crusaders in the Holy Land. His army captured Jerusalem. Richard the Lionheart fought back. A treaty was signed: Muslims kept control over Jerusalem, while the Christian crusaders kept a chain of cities along the coast of Palestine. The third Crusade

The Crusades Effects on Christians Economic Changes Societal Changes Increased the use of money because crusaders needed to buy things Some knights began performing banking functions (loans, investments) Kings started a tax system to raise funds for crusades Monarchs grew more powerful; this helped to end the feudal system Crusaders dressed in clothing made of muslin (a type of cotton) Began to eat melon, apricots, sesame seeds, and carob Began to used spices like pepper This all led to an increase in trade The Crusades Effects on Christians

The Crusades Effects on Muslims A smaller impact What was the effect? This is because at the time of the Crusades, Muslims had a more advanced society than the Christians in Western Europe. They had less to gain Learned about new weapons and military ideas Began to adopt a standing army Merchants became wealthy from trade with Europe Muslims became more united against a common enemy. The Crusades Effects on Muslims

The Crusades Effects on Jews It got bad… It got even worse… Entire communities of Jews were massacred Synagogues and holy books were destroyed In 1290, England expelled all Jews In 1394, France expelled all Jews Jews were forced to live in crowded neighborhoods called ghettos, separated from the rest of the town by gates and walls Anti- Semitism (prejudice against Jews) spread among non-crusaders Jews’ place in society worsened, they could not hold public office or run trading businesses. The Crusades Effects on Jews

The Reconquesta What? Where? A series of wars in which the Christians fought to win back control of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) from the Muslims. They succeeded in taking back all except for Granada The Reconquesta

The Inquisition Late 1400’s in Spain Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand wanted to unite Spain as a Catholic country They used the inquisition, a church court, to find out whether supposed Christian converts were practicing their old religion. Jews were told to become Catholics or leave- 170,000 left Beginning in 1609, Spain expelled (kicked out) the remaining Muslims and Jews This ended the golden age of cooperation between the 3 groups. The Inquisition