Indian Removal Jackson believed could not work –Allowing Native Americans to live in original areas would also not work (1830) –Moved more than 100,000 Indians From east of the Mississippi to reservations west of the Mississippi The five "civilized" tribes were hardest hit –Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles

The “five civilized tribes”

The Cherokee Nation After 1820 Cherokee Fight Back Use the court system Worcester v. GA (1832) –SCOTUS ruled that Cherokee Nation was a distinct community, GA could not regulate –Jackson  “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it” John Ross

Trail of Tears 1838 Native Americans still remained in the East US Army used to force relocation Cherokee –4,000 of 15,000 thousand died Choctaw 1831 –2,500 to 6,000 of 17,000 died –About 5,000-6,000 remained in Mississippi Seminole –Resisted forcibly until 1842 –US spent over $20m in war costs

Trail of Tears

The Birth of the Whigs The Whigs were conservatives who supported government programs, reforms, and public schools –Called for internal improvements like: The claimed to be defenders of the common man and declared the the party of corruption –Only unifying force seemed to be a hatred for Jackson

The Election of 1836 was Andrew Jackson's choice as his successor Whig's nominated several “favorite sons”

Election of 1836

Presidential CandidateRunning MateElectoral Vote Martin Van BurenRichard Mentor Johnson147 William Henry HarrisonFrancis P. Granger63 Hugh Lawson WhiteJohn Tyler26 Martin Van BurenWilliam Smith23 Daniel WebsterFrancis P. Granger14 Willie Person MangumJohn Tyler11 William Henry HarrisonJohn Tyler10

Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury Basic causes of the –Rampant Gamblers in western lands were using borrowed capital Speculative craze spread to canals, roads, railroads, and slaves –Jacksonian finance also helped to cause the panic –1836 failure of two British banks caused the British investors to call in foreign loans The panic of 1837 caused many banks to collapse, commodity prices to drop, sales of public land to fall, and the loss of jobs Van Buren proposed the Divorce Bill. –Not passed by Congress, it called for the dividing of the government and banking altogether The Independent Treasury Bill was passed in 1840 –An independent treasury would be established and government funds would be locked in vaults

MVB Inherits AJ’s Financial Policies Pet Banks  where AJ deposited federal funds were “ ” banks –Printed more paper money (bank notes) than they had gold/silver AJ realized there currency was nearly worthless and demanded specie (gold/silver) to buy public land –Everyone rushed to bank to cash in currency for gold/silver »Panic of 1837 »MVB established Independent Treasury Bill »Only used gold/silver  led to greater demand for specie, which made things worse »Cut federal spending  led to further decline in prices

Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 defeated Van Buren to win the election of 1840 for the Whigs –The Whig's campaign included pictures of log cabins and cider –No specific platform “It’s the economy, stupid” canoe_and_Tyler_too

Election of 1840 NomineeHarrisonVan Buren PartyWhigDemocratic Home stateOhioNew York Running mateJohn TylerRichard Mentor Johnson Electoral vote23460 States carried197 Popular vote1,275,3901,128,854 Percentage52.9%46.8%

Election of 1840: “His Accidency” “Tippecanoe and Tyler too.“ –Harrison dies a month after his inauguration Tyler had been chosen to simply balance the ticket, but he was not a true Whig

Politics for the People There were 2 major changes in politics after the Era of Good Feelings: 1.Politicians who were too clean, too well dressed, too grammatical, and too intellectual were not liked –Aristocracy was not liked by the American people –The common man was moving to the center of the national political stage 2.There was a formation of a two-party system –Democrats and the Whigs Jacksonian Democrats –glorified the liberty of the individual, supported states' rights, and federal restraint in social and economic affairs Whigs –National bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms »Such as the prohibition of liquor and the abolition of slavery