Chapter 23 Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,” Ferris Wheel Colombian Exposition Chicago, USA 1893

Mass Society  Parts of the emergence of “mass society”  Extension of voting rights to the lower classes  A better standard of living for the lower classes  Mass leisure (professional sports, amusement parks, etc.)  The “weekend” became established as a time of fun  By, 1871 the Focus of Europeans’ lives had become the National State, which provided for mass education, public health & housing, economic growth, etc.

Growth of Industrial Prosperity: New Products & New Markets  Substitution of steel for iron  Electricity – (new type of energy that powered the 2 nd Industrial Rev.)  Thomas Edison ( ) and Joseph Swan – light bulb  Alexander Graham Bell ( ) – telephone, 1876  Guglielmo Marconi ( ) – radio waves across the Atlantic, 1901  Transformation of factories Guglielmo Marconi Alexander G. Bell Thomas Edison Joseph Swan

 Internal combustion engine – Gottlieb Daimler – invented the light engine was a key development for the automobile  Automobile and airplane  Henry Ford ( ) –  mass production  Zeppelin airship, 1900  Wright brothers, 1903 Henry Ford w/ a Model T Wright Brothers & the First Flight Zeppelin Airship “Graf Zeppelin”

 New markets  Increased wages- led to leisure time and activities  Competition – led to protective tariffs  Cartels – independent enterprises worked together to control prices & fix production quotas.  What is an example of a modern cartel (not drug cartel)?  Precision tools --- enabled manufactures to produce interchangeable parts, which led to the creation of the assembly line for production.

p. 706 Illustrated London News Celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria in On the left are scenes from 1837, when Victoria came to the British throne; on the right are scenes from Magazine’s conclusion: “the most striking….evidence of progress during the reign is the ever increasing speed which the discoveries of physical science have forced into everyday life. Steam & electricity have conquered time and space to a greater extent during the last 60 years than all the preceding 600 years witnessed.”

New Patterns in an Industrial Economy  Depression,  Economic boom after 1895  La belle époque (separate power point)  German Industrial Leadership  Germany replaces Britain as the industrial leader of Europe  New areas of manufacturing  Increased competition among the European states for foreign markets & gowning domestic demand for economic development led to a strong reaction against free trade & the imposition of steep protective tariffs by most nations  Europe’s two economic zones  Advance industrial core of Great Britain, Belgium France, the Netherlands, Germany, western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern Italy  Little industrial development in southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia Exports bound for Europe: Argentina sends Beef; Brazil sends Coffee; Algeria sends Iron Ore; Java sends sugar & wool from Australia

Map 23-1, p. 709

p. 710 The Tomioka silk factory built in the 1870s in Japan Industrialization in Japan was the result of Government planning & initiative (Meiji Reformation)

Women and Work: New Job Opportunities  “Right to work”  Employment opportunities for women during the 2 nd Industrial Revolution changed in quality & quantity w/ the expansion of the service sector.  Ideal of domesticity – Working class organizations emphasized the gender role of women as housewives.  Sweatshops  White-Collar Jobs  Increased white-collar jobs creates shortage of male workers opening up opportunities for women  Secretaries and teachers  Freedom from domestic patterns  Prostitution – the rise in Prostitution can best be attributed to heavy migration to cities by country women & their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival.  ,000 prostitutes in London alone  Prostitution was licensed & regulated by government & municipal authorities in some countries  Britain passed the CONTAGIOUS DISEASES ACTS in the 1870’s & 1880’s which gave authorities to check women for venereal diseases & put them in “lock hospitals”.  Josephine Butler – objected to laws that punished women but not men who suffered from venereal disease. Called the “shrieking sisters” but were able to get the acts repealed in 1886.

p. 711 The Telephone Exchange

Organizing the Working Class  Socialist Parties  Socialist parties  German Social Democratic Party (SPD)  German Social Democrats – By 1912 single largest political party in Germany  Jean Jaurès ( ) – leader of French socialists  Social Democratic Labor Party  Second International- met in 1889 differences among the delegates wreaked havoc. One coordinated action was setting aside MAY 1 st as “MAY DAY” international “labor day”.  Effects of the growth of socialist parties – the issue that brought socialists together in the 19 th century was the desire to improve working & living conditions for most workers.  Eduard Bernstein ( ), Evolutionary Socialism, 1899  Demise of capitalism not near  Bourgeoisie expanding  Proletariat improving  Discarded class struggle  Evolution not revolution  Formation of labor unions – Trade Union movement prior to WWI varied from country to country, but was generally allied w/ socialist parties.  First ½ of the 19 thC. functioned primarily as mutual aid societies

p. 712 “Proletarians of the World, Unite!” Pictured here is a socialist-sponsored poster that proclaims in German the closing words of the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx “Proletarians of the World, Unite!” Pictured here is a socialist-sponsored poster that proclaims in German the closing words of the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx

Emergence of a Mass Society  Population Growth  Rising Birthrate  Decline in the death rate  Medical discoveries  Development of vaccinations  environmental conditions  Improved publication sanitation  Improved elimination of sewage  Improved nutrition  Increased emigration

Table 23-1, p. 714 Between 1850 & 1910, European population increased from 270 million to 460 million

Map 23-2, p. 715 The CHIEF Cause of the Increasing population was the rising BIRTHRATE! By 1914, 80% of Britain’s population lived in cities

p. 716 The Emigrants Painting by C. J. Staniland, People are shown saying farewell to family members & loved ones they might never see again. Ships were often crowded, making conditions uncomfortable during the journey

Table 23-2, p. 716 Some of the excess labor from underdeveloped areas migrated to the industrial regions of Europe. When those cities couldn’t handle the over population – more emigrated from Europe – abt. 500,000 people were leaving Europe each year – abt. 1.3 million people were leaving Europe each year, mostly from Southern & Eastern Europe.

Transformation of the Urban Environment  Growth of cities / Urbanization  Urban Reformers  Edwin Chadwick, Rudolf Virchow  Pointed to relationship between living conditions and disease  Buildings begin to be inspected for problems  Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain (pg. 717)  Clean water into the city  Expulsion of sewage  Housing Needs  Reformer-philanthropists focused on relationship of living conditions to political and moral health of the nation  Octavia Hill --- (read box doc. Pg. 718) Give the poor an environment they could use to improve themselves.  V. A. Huber, German reformer  Redesigning the cities;  British Act of empowered local authorities to purchase and demolish slum dwellings, and rehouse their inhabitants.  Construct new buildings  Running water  Sewage drained

p. 719 Paris under construction – L’avenue de l'Opéra

p. 719 Paris AFTER construction – L’avenue de l'Opéra

The Social Structure of the Mass Society  The Elite  5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth  Landed aristocracy  The upper middle class  Wealthy upper middle class - Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy  Industrial plutocrats  The Middle Classes  Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class  Professionals  White-collar workers  Middle class values came to dominate – were very concerned w/ propriety & shard values of hard work & Christian morality.  The Lower classes  80 percent of the European population (largest segment of European Society)  Agriculture  Urban working class: Skilled, semiskilled, unskilled workers

The “Woman Question”: The Role of Women  Many women still aspired to the ideal of femininity  Marriage the only honorable and available career  Elizabeth Poole Sanford said women should AVOID being self-sufficient  Decline in the birth rate in part to some birth control:  Coitus interruptus (“stupid, stupid, stupid” said Health Teacher Ms. Woodward)  Abortion (taking poison, falling down steps, back room operations)  Abandonment (leaving baby on doorsteps)  Infanticide (killing baby – usually suffocation)  The Middle-class and Working-class Families  Domesticity  Stressed functional knowledge for their children to prepare them for their future roles.  Leisure time and holiday traditions  Daughters of working class families worked until married  1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the husband’s wages  Limit size of the family  Reduced work week

p. 704

p. 724 Many Happy Returns of the Day by William P. Frith (shows 3 generations of a family together)

p. 724 From a book of games Boy Scouts founded by Robert Baden-Powell in England – shows boy in full uniform

p. 724 Boy Scouts founded by Robert Baden-Powell in England – shows boy in full uniform Boy Scouts – founded in 1908 in England for boys 12 to 18. Adventure combined w/ discipline. Instilled ideals of patriotism & self sacrifice. “The REAL Boy Scout is not a sissy. He adores his mother but is not hitched to her apron strings.”

Education in the Mass Society  After 1850, secondary education expanded  Mass education in state-run systems  States began to offer public education  States assumed the responsibility for teacher training  Liberal beliefs about education  Personal and social development  Needs of industrialization  Need for an educated electorate  Differences in education of boys and girls  Demand for teachers  Increased literacy  By 1900 Germany, Great Britain, France, Denmark all had achieved full literacy.  Growth of newspapers

p. 726 A Women’s College – shows female medical students dissecting cadavers in anatomy class at the Women’s Medical College of Philadelphia, PA

Mass Leisure  Amusement parks  Music and dance halls  Thomas Cook ( )  Pioneer of mass tourism  Sports  Became organized with rules  Professional sports  1863 – English Football Association  1869 – National Baseball League (America's pastime)

p. 728 The Graphic: an International Soccer Match in 1872 (14 rules of play set by English Football Assoc est. Oct. 26, 1863)

p. 728 The Graphic First match of the Ladies Football Club in 1895

Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy  Reform in Britain: William Gladstone  Reform Act of 1867: Suffrage extended  Reform Act of 1884 – gave English agricultural workers the right to vote  Redistribution Act of 1885: Reorganized the election boroughs  No more “pocket boroughs”  Salaries paid to members of the House of Commons, 1911  More people could run for office  Home Rule for Ireland  Charles Parnell called for “Home Rule” for Ireland – he wanted Ireland to get its own parliament but remain part of Great Britain.  Reform in France  Second Empire brought to an end w/ the defeat in the Franco- Prussian War  Universal male suffrage in 1871  Radical republicans formed an independent government  The Commune: Fighting between the Commune and the government  Suppression of the Commune in 1871 furthered widened the split between French working and middle classes.  France will establish a Third Republic, 1875  Boulanger Crisis ended with French citizens rallying to the cause of the Republic

The Growth of Political Democracy  Spain  King Alfonso XII  Liberals and Conservatives  Spanish-American War  Barcelona 1909  Italy  Had pretensions of great power status  Sectional differences in Italy  Chronic turmoil beyond the government’s control Both Spain & Italy remained second-rate European powers, less transformed by the economic and cultural innovations of the age.

Central & Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order  Germany  Trappings of parliamentary government  1871 constitution  Emperor commands the military in Prussian tradition  Bismarck’s conservatism  Kulturkampf – attack against Roman Catholics b/c he wants them to obey Kaiser over Pope.  Bismarck passed Social welfare programs to woo workers away from the Social Democratic Party (socialists)  Bismarck made coalitions to get what he wanted – then he dropped them.  Austria-Hungary  Austrian constitution of 1867  Problem of minorities worsened with universal male suffrage, 1907 (Nationality problem remained unsolved)  Russia  Alexander III, : Overturns reform and returns to repressive measures  Nicholas II, : Believed in absolute rule (autocracy)  Russification = One language, One Czar, One Church

p. 732 Bismarck & Kaiser William II (Wilhelm) 1890, William II FIRES Bismarck over his plan to take more repressive measures against the Social Democrats. Cartoon shows William on the throne of cannonballs and artillery w/ a baby socialist (dynamite) in his hand, Bismarck waving goodbye to Germany, and a woman (Germania) looking on with concern.

Chronology, p. 734

Timeline, p. 735

Discussion Questions  What were the major changes of the second industrial revolution on the lives of people?  What were the changes in urban sanitation and health?  How did the industrialization of society redesign the cities?  What were the changes in education and leisure?  Why is the “old order” so persistent in Central and Eastern Europe?