Parties and Party Systems Final reflections – future directions

Final exam Friday, April 17 th Friday, April 17 th 9-11:00 p.m. 9-11:00 p.m. Location: SN2036 Location: SN2036 Format: Format: Part I One essay out of three (30%) Part I One essay out of three (30%) Part II One essay out two (30% Part II One essay out two (30% Part III One essay out of two (40%) Part III One essay out of two (40%) The exam will cover the entire course The exam will cover the entire course Be prepared to Be prepared to Elaborate arguments Elaborate arguments Demonstrate with reference to specific parties and party systems whether they are valid or not Demonstrate with reference to specific parties and party systems whether they are valid or not

The Department of Political Science Presents The (Re)Regulation of Global Finance – Understanding Canada’s Role in the G20 Dr. Russell Williams Department of Political Science Memorial University of Newfoundland Thursday April 9, 2009 SN203312:30-2:30pm

Academic Exchanges The Department of Political Science has academic exchanges with the University of Limerick or the University of Uppsala (Sweden) The Department of Political Science has academic exchanges with the University of Limerick or the University of Uppsala (Sweden) How it works: How it works: You spend one semester at the host university You spend one semester at the host university You pay MUN tuition You pay MUN tuition You transfer the credits back to MUN You transfer the credits back to MUN When? When? fall or winter, fall or winter, Who should go? Who should go? POSC students in their 3 rd year or beyond POSC students in their 3 rd year or beyond Students with an average of B or better Students with an average of B or better How? How? Talk to Dr. Wolinetz, Dr. Croci or Jeff Loder Talk to Dr. Wolinetz, Dr. Croci or Jeff Loder Apply by April 8 th Apply by April 8 th Applications available in POSC Dept. Office Applications available in POSC Dept. Office

Parties and Party Systems Final reflections – future directions

A decline of parties? An argument frequently made by journalists, as well as political scientists who are not parties specialists An argument frequently made by journalists, as well as political scientists who are not parties specialists Vigorously denied by parties specialists…who have a stake in denying it Vigorously denied by parties specialists…who have a stake in denying it

Supposition: Political parties are an ineluctable feature of liberal democracies: If they didn’t exist, someone would reinvent them If they didn’t exist, someone would reinvent them experience of post-communist systems experience of post-communist systems Needed to Needed to organize competition for office organize competition for office organize legislatures organize legislatures organize links between legislatures and the executive organize links between legislatures and the executive

Forms which parties take: Goodbye to the mass party and the party of mass integration Goodbye to the mass party and the party of mass integration Typically parties today are: Typically parties today are: Minimalist organizations Minimalist organizations intermittent and fluctuating membership intermittent and fluctuating membership Citizens and most members are remote Citizens and most members are remote Increasingly professional at the top Increasingly professional at the top May or may not be programmatic, depending on context, demands of members…. May or may not be programmatic, depending on context, demands of members….

Contemporary parties as organizations in tension Tension between Tension between governing functions, and governing functions, and representative & expressive functions representative & expressive functions Parties in government have to compromise, Parties in government have to compromise, In doing so, likely to disappoint followers…. In doing so, likely to disappoint followers…. Provides opportunities for Provides opportunities for Opposition parties Opposition parties New parties left, right, and centre… New parties left, right, and centre…

Otto Kirchheimer’s lament: a premonition? “To the older party of integration the citizen, if he so desired, could be closer. “To the older party of integration the citizen, if he so desired, could be closer. Then it was a less differentiated organization, part channel of protest, part source of protection, part purveyor of visions of the future. Then it was a less differentiated organization, part channel of protest, part source of protection, part purveyor of visions of the future. Now, in its linear descendant in a transfigured world, the catch-all party, the citizen finds a relatively remote, at times quasi-official and alien structure.” Now, in its linear descendant in a transfigured world, the catch-all party, the citizen finds a relatively remote, at times quasi-official and alien structure.”

Kirchheimer on party functions “The political party’s role … today is more limited than it would appear from its position of formal preeminence. “The political party’s role … today is more limited than it would appear from its position of formal preeminence. Via its governmental role it functions as a coordinator of and arbitrator between functional power groups. Via its governmental role it functions as a coordinator of and arbitrator between functional power groups. Via its electoral role it produces that limited amount of popular support and integration required from the popular masses for the functioning of official political institutions.” Via its electoral role it produces that limited amount of popular support and integration required from the popular masses for the functioning of official political institutions.”

Kirchheimer’s conclusion “No longer subject to the discipline of the party of mass integration… the voters may by their shifting moods and their apathy, transform the sensitive instrument of the catch-all party into something too blunt to serve as a link with the power-holders of society.”

Kirchheimer’s lament, cont’d “Then we come to regret the passing – even if it was inevitable—of the class-mass party and the denominational party, as we already regret the passing of other features of yesterday’s stage of Western civilization.”

Analysis and comment Considerably validity to Kirchheimer’s premonition Considerably validity to Kirchheimer’s premonition Parties, in some respects, are a pale shadow of what they once were Parties, in some respects, are a pale shadow of what they once were Parties remote from civil society Parties remote from civil society But But even if some are down, even if some are down, they are not out… they are not out…

Some things to think about: Many parties spend more money than they did before Many parties spend more money than they did before Many are formidable campaign machines Many are formidable campaign machines U.S. parties & especially their national campaign committees U.S. parties & especially their national campaign committees British parties…. British parties…. But these refer to parties in central offices, not political parties on the ground But these refer to parties in central offices, not political parties on the ground

Contemporary parties Parties on the ground a shadow of what they once were Parties on the ground a shadow of what they once were Difficulty Difficulty attracting and retaining members attracting and retaining members loyalty or affection of supporters loyalty or affection of supporters In contrast, parties in government office continue… and In contrast, parties in government office continue… and

Contemporary parties, cont’d Parties in central office not only thrive, but grow, but… Parties in central office not only thrive, but grow, but… Primarily as electoral-professional organizations (Panebianco) or parties in service to candidates (American national committees and also state parties) Primarily as electoral-professional organizations (Panebianco) or parties in service to candidates (American national committees and also state parties) Distant from their members (Katz and Mair, cartel hypothesis) Distant from their members (Katz and Mair, cartel hypothesis)

Implications for party systems Electorates far more weakly attached to parties than before, with the result that Electorates far more weakly attached to parties than before, with the result that A larger proportion of the electorate available either to A larger proportion of the electorate available either to Other established parties Other established parties New parties of different stripes, e.g. New parties of different stripes, e.g. Left libertarian (New Left, Green Parties…) Left libertarian (New Left, Green Parties…) New Right Populist Parties New Right Populist Parties Others as well Others as well

Consequences: Higher rates of electoral volatility (minimum percentage of the electorate shifting from one party to another between elections) Higher rates of electoral volatility (minimum percentage of the electorate shifting from one party to another between elections) Tendency for party spectra to become more crowded as new(er) parties squeeze in, expanding the range of alternatives available to voters Tendency for party spectra to become more crowded as new(er) parties squeeze in, expanding the range of alternatives available to voters

Is there a crisis? No, in the sense, that parties still operate and perform crucial functions in contemporary political systems Organize elections Organize elections Provide candidates Provide candidates Organize relations between executive and legislatures Organize relations between executive and legislatures

Crisis, cont’d Yes, in the sense that parties in older and newer democracies fail to channel or canalize popular preferences Citizens prefer alternate channels Citizens prefer alternate channels Advocacy groups Advocacy groups New social movements New social movements And potentially available to ‘anti’ parties as well as anti-democratic forces And potentially available to ‘anti’ parties as well as anti-democratic forces

Bottom line: Schattschneider’s dictum: “Without parties, no democracy” E.E. Schattschneider, Party Government Valid…. Valid…. or not? or not?

Final exam Friday, April 17 th Friday, April 17 th 9-11:00 p.m. 9-11:00 p.m. Location: SN2036 Location: SN2036 Part I One essay out of three (30%) Part I One essay out of three (30%) Part II One essay out two (30% Part II One essay out two (30% Part III One essay out of two (40%) Part III One essay out of two (40%) The exam will cover the entire course The exam will cover the entire course Be prepared to Be prepared to Elaborate arguments Elaborate arguments Demonstrate with reference to specific parties and party systems whether they are valid or not Demonstrate with reference to specific parties and party systems whether they are valid or not