Early Temperamental and Family Predictors of Shyness and Anxiety Michele M. Volbrecht & H. Hill Goldsmith Michele M. Volbrecht & H. Hill Goldsmith Journal ： Developmental Psychology Impact Factor: 3.412

Early Temperamental and Family Predictors of Shyness and Anxiety Early Temperamental and Family Predictors of Shyness and Anxiety Early Temperamental and Family Predictors of Shyness and Anxiety Early Temperamental and Family Predictors of Shyness and Anxiety

专业词汇 Terminology 摘要 Abstract 研究方法及结果 Method & Results 单击此处添加标题 目 录目 录目 录目 录

专 业 词 汇专 业 词 汇专 业 词 汇专 业 词 汇

Shyness 羞怯 Shyness Anxiety 焦虑 Temperament 气质 Behavioral inhibition 行为抑制 Inhibitory control 抑制控制 Process variable 过程变量 Socioeconomic status 社会 经济地位 Hierarchical linear modeling 多层线性模型 Maximum likelihood estimation 极大似然估计 Middle childhood 儿童中 期 Social withdrawal 社交退 缩 Degrees of freedom 自由 度 Stress reactivity 应激反应 专业词汇

Separation anxiety 分离焦 虑 Stranger anxiety 陌生人焦 虑 Anxiety disorder 焦虑症 / 焦虑性障碍 Gender difference 性别差 异 Internalizing behavior problems 内化行为问题 Authoritative parenting 权 威型教养方式 Participant 被试 Monozygotic twin 同卵双 生子 Dizygotic twin 异卵双生子 Internal consistency reliability 内部一致性信度 Principal components analysis 主成分分析 Multilevel linear regression 多层线性回归 hierarchical linear modeling 多层线性模型 专业词汇

摘 要

With a sample of 242 twins (135 girls, 107 boys) studied longitudinally, behavioral inhibition (BI) and inhibitory control (IC) measured at 3 years, as well as early and concurrent family process variables, were examined as predictors of shyness and of anxiety symptoms approximately 4 years later. 摘 要

Structured observational data from laboratory and home contexts were used in conjunction with parent and experimenter ratings. 摘 要

A key goal was to extend previous findings of the positive relationship between early BI and anxiety development by incorporating the consideration of IC and family process variables. Using hierarchical linear modeling with restricted maximum likelihood estimation to adjust for twin dependency, early BI (b = 0.37, p <.01), IC (b = 0.14, p <.05), and concurrent lower family stress (b = –0.22, p <.05) predicted shyness during middle childhood. 摘 要

Findings were similar for parent-rated and laboratory- based shyness measures. Anxiety symptoms were predicted by BI (b = 0.14, p <.05), early negative family affect (b = 0.20, p <.05), and family stress in middle childhood (b = 0.26, p <.05). 摘 要

These findings clarify the relative importance of temperament and family factors in the development of both shyness and anxiety symptoms during childhood. 摘 要

方 法 和 结 果方 法 和 结 果方 法 和 结 果方 法 和 结 果

Participants Participants were 242 (135 girls, 107 boys) twins (121 pairs) studied longitudinally at 3 (M = 3.04 years, SD = 0.06) and approximately 7 (M = 7.51 years, SD = 0.78) years of age. There were 44 pairs of monozygotic and 77 pairs of dizygotic (44 same-gender) twins. 方法和结果

Most participants were from intact middle class families, with the mother and father each completing on average 15 years of formal schooling (33.2% of fathers and 33.3% of mothers were college graduates). 方法和结果

Procedure Children visited the laboratory at 3 years of age, where we conducted the preschool Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Lab-TAB) episodes (Goldsmith, Reilly, Lemery, Longley, & Prescott, 1999). Upon arriving at the laboratory, parents were given questionnaires to complete and return within 2 weeks. 方法和结果

Approximately 4 years later, we visited families in their homes to conduct middle childhood Lab-TAB episodes (Goldsmith, Reilly, Lemery, Longley, & Prescott, 1993) as well as to collect additional parental report questionnaires. From the home-based observation, one fear episode was examined. 方法和结果

方法和结果

Results Correlations between the predictors and the outcome measures 方法和结果

方法和结果 1.A behaviorally inhibited temperament at 3 years of age would predict variation in both shyness and anxiety at 7 years of age. 2.Higher levels of IC would predict higher shyness.

3. Of the four family-level predictors that we examined, concurrent family stress was the only one to significantly predict both shyness and anxiety outcomes. Interestingly, stress in the family predicted higher child anxiety but lower child shyness, a finding that highlights the importance of distinguishing shyness from anxiety. 方法和结果

4. In addition to family stress, early negativity in the family was also significant in the model predicting anxiety (but not shyness). 方法和结果

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