Nigeria

Genesis And the wife of the colonial governor said, “Let’s name it after the Niger River” and it was good. And the wife of the colonial governor said, “Let’s name it after the Niger River” and it was good.

Most populous African nation; top ten in world (130 million); member OPEC (1971) Most populous African nation; top ten in world (130 million); member OPEC (1971) ethnic groups ethnic groups Main 3: Hausa (N), Yoruba (W), Igbo (E)Main 3: Hausa (N), Yoruba (W), Igbo (E) Religious cleavage: North=Islamist, South=Christian Religious cleavage: North=Islamist, South=Christian Sokoto jihad ( )  CaliphateSokoto jihad ( )  Caliphate 1860: More slaves than any nation except US 1860: More slaves than any nation except US Slavery widespread  reinforced ethnic divisions + associated w/spread Islam + Christianity (think Things Fall Apart) Slavery widespread  reinforced ethnic divisions + associated w/spread Islam + Christianity (think Things Fall Apart) Short colonial period (about 60 years) Short colonial period (about 60 years) Unleashed profound social changes: abolition, urbanization  reassessment ethnic identity; however economic changes (ag. export economy + infrastructure) collapsed (replaced by oil)Unleashed profound social changes: abolition, urbanization  reassessment ethnic identity; however economic changes (ag. export economy + infrastructure) collapsed (replaced by oil) Study of Pacific Islands: longer colonized  higher current standard of living, esp. if colonized by US, Dutch, Britain Study of Pacific Islands: longer colonized  higher current standard of living, esp. if colonized by US, Dutch, Britain Each additional century of European colonization  40 percent boost in income today + reduce infant mortality of 2.6 deaths/1,000 births Each additional century of European colonization  40 percent boost in income today + reduce infant mortality of 2.6 deaths/1,000 births

Colonial Era Royal Niger Company replaced in 1899 by direct control (protect missionaries, keep out other Europeans) Royal Niger Company replaced in 1899 by direct control (protect missionaries, keep out other Europeans) Gov. Frederick Lugard (former Gov. HK): Indirect rule (through tribal leaders)  3 distinct political areas (N, W, E) Gov. Frederick Lugard (former Gov. HK): Indirect rule (through tribal leaders)  3 distinct political areas (N, W, E) N: local conditions largely left alone (Islam  missionaries barred; Hausa official language)N: local conditions largely left alone (Islam  missionaries barred; Hausa official language) S: Westernization and Christianity; English official languageS: Westernization and Christianity; English official language

1922 Clifford Constitution Gov. Hugh Clifford ( ): White Man’s Burden + “general emancipation)—use Westernized South (ed. system) to undermine Islamic N (encourage immigration) Gov. Hugh Clifford ( ): White Man’s Burden + “general emancipation)—use Westernized South (ed. system) to undermine Islamic N (encourage immigration) Colonial office: "direct government by impartial and honest men of alien race... never yet satisfied a nation long and... under such a form of government, as wealth and education increase, so do political discontent and sedition." Colonial office: "direct government by impartial and honest men of alien race... never yet satisfied a nation long and... under such a form of government, as wealth and education increase, so do political discontent and sedition."  N untouched; S: new legislative council common to both E+W, direct elections (4 of 46)  political parties + nationalism  N untouched; S: new legislative council common to both E+W, direct elections (4 of 46)  political parties + nationalism

Nationalism and Independence Influenced by Americans (DuBois, Garvey); focused on ethnicity Influenced by Americans (DuBois, Garvey); focused on ethnicity Formed political parties (esp. National Council of Nigerian Citizens, NCNC; Northern People’s Congress; Action Group (Yoruba); labor unions)  1946: Richards Constitution expands elections of legis.  1950 Macpherson Const.: formalized regional autonomy and federal union  regionalism + ethnic cleavages intensify Formed political parties (esp. National Council of Nigerian Citizens, NCNC; Northern People’s Congress; Action Group (Yoruba); labor unions)  1946: Richards Constitution expands elections of legis.  1950 Macpherson Const.: formalized regional autonomy and federal union  regionalism + ethnic cleavages intensify Oct 1, 1960: Independence granted Oct 1, 1960: Independence granted Increasing ethnic + regional tension  crisis + election fraud  military coup (1966)  Civil War (Biafra 67-70) Increasing ethnic + regional tension  crisis + election fraud  military coup (1966)  Civil War (Biafra 67-70) Olusegun Obasanjo: return to civilian gov’t through US based 1979 Constitution Olusegun Obasanjo: return to civilian gov’t through US based 1979 Constitution 1983: lack of confidence in gov’t and pretext of election fraud  military coup 1983: lack of confidence in gov’t and pretext of election fraud  military coup 1999: return of democracy w/election Olusegun Obasanjo 1999: return of democracy w/election Olusegun Obasanjo

Major Parties People's Democratic Party (PDP): dominant, neoliberal/centrist (:PAN) People's Democratic Party (PDP): dominant, neoliberal/centrist (:PAN) All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP): conservative, North (:PRI) All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP): conservative, North (:PRI) Action Congress: 3 rd, Lagos, progressive (:PRD) Action Congress: 3 rd, Lagos, progressive (:PRD)