The Chemistry of Gelato

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Presentation transcript:

The Chemistry of Gelato http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VA5vEi4tWU

Air Ice crystals Fat Sugar The structure of gelato: Gelato is considered a colloid or suspension of air and ice crystals in a sugar solution. Air Ice crystals Fat Sugar http://www.icecreamnation.org/science-of-ice-cream/ Gelato contains all three states of matter simultaneously

The process of making gelato: 1. Mixing the ingredients (milk, sugar, flavor and stabilizers). Ice cream uses heavy cream (12-18% butter fat) but gelato uses whole milk (4-5% butter fat). 2. Pasteurization – heating to kill bacteria in dairy products.

3. Homogenization – breaking the fat globules into smaller fat droplets. Can be done in a factory by forcing the liquid through a small hole or by hand mixing. http://www.rsc.org/Education/EiC/issues/2003July/Makingicecream.asp

4. Ageing – the stabilizers bind to the surface of the fat droplets and the fat droplets begin to harden (crystalize). The stabilizer helps to keep the fat droplets small after they’ve been broken up, by binding to the surface of the droplets. http://www.rsc.org/Education/EiC/issues/2003July/Makingicecream.asp

5. Churning and freezing – air is added to the mixture while the temperature is lowered. Gelato contains much less air (30-40%) than ice cream (50%) which contributes to its creamier texture. It is also served at a higher temperature. The fat droplets partially crystalize and help to stabilize the air bubbles.

Sugar lowers the freezing temperature of the water. http://www.rsc.org/Education/EiC/issues/2003July/Makingicecream.asp As more water is removed from the solution (frozen) the concentration of sugar increases and lowers the freezing point even more.

Msucrose /(Msucrose + Mwater) = 0.63 Ice cream scientists use the freezing point curve when formulating ice cream recipes. Suppose, for example, they want to make 1 kg of ice cream that contains 50 per cent ice by weight at a normal freezer temperature of -18°C. How much sucrose should they use? From the curve, the sucrose mole fraction in equilibrium with ice at -18°C is 0.083 or 63 per cent w/w, ie: Msucrose /(Msucrose + Mwater) = 0.63 The total mass is 1 kg, and 50 per cent of this will be ice, so the remainder, must be sucrose and unfrozen water. Msucrose+ Mwater = 500 g Solving these two equations gives Msucrose = 320 g. http://www.rsc.org/Education/EiC/issues/2003July/Makingicecream.asp

Freezing must be done quickly so that the ice crystals formed are as small as possible. Ice crystals at -10°C Ice crystals warmed to -7°C Ice crystals re-cooled to -10°C http://www.rsc.org/Education/EiC/issues/2003July/Makingicecream.asp

http://gelatomuseum.com/en/about-en/ http://www.icecreamnation.org/science-of-ice-cream/ http://www.rsc.org/Education/EiC/issues/2003July/Makingicecream.asp http://www.foodproductdesign.com/articles/1997/08/ice-cream--combination-chemistry.aspx