1 15 Temperature, Heat, Expansion Temperature & Heat Internal Energy & Specific Heat Homework: RQ: 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 21, 24.

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1 15 Temperature, Heat, Expansion Temperature & Heat Internal Energy & Specific Heat Homework: RQ: 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 21, 24.

2 Temperature T ~ average kinetic energy T increase = increase in speed of molecules, e.g. hammered metal increases in temperature. liquids, gases, and solids usually expand when T increased

3 Water Expansion Water expands from 4°C to 100°C (as does most materials) However, water contracts when warmed from 0°C to 4°C. (transient ice melting)

4

5 What happens to the hole size?

6 Heat ‘heat’ is a transfer of thermal energy due to temperature difference Examples: ice in warm liquid: heat flows from liquid to the ice warm liquid is put in a refrigerator: heat flows from drink to air and refrigerator //

7 Internal Energy the total of all molecular energies, kinetic plus potential, that are internal to a substance. It is ~ (mass) x (temperature). Heat ≠ Internal Energy, however, for a thermal-only process, Heat =  (Internal Energy)

8 mixing: ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ = ‘warm’ for liquids & solids: heat ~ (mass)x(temperature change) when ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ are mixed, heat lost by ‘hot’ = heat gained by ‘cold’ Ex. 1kg water at 0°C is mixed with 1kg water at 20°C: (1kg)(T - 0) = (1kg)(20 – T) T = 20 – T 2T = 20 T = 10°C

9 more mixing Ex. 2kg water at 40°C is mixed with 1kg water at 20°C: (1kg)(T - 20) = (2kg)(40 – T) T – 20 = 80 – 2T 3T = 100 T = 100/3 = 33.3°C

10 Calories and Joules 1 Calorie = 1000 calories 1 calorie = 4.18 joule Calorie is the common food unit. Btu’s are also used, e.g. gas range

11 Specific Heat the specific heat of a substance is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance 1°C. //

12 c = Q/m  T [J/(kg·K)] heat needed per kg to raise temperature by 1 degree C or K. slope warming water =  T/Q = 1/(mc) specific heat

13 example c’s in J/(kg-C): aluminum 920 copper 390 ice 2100 water 4186

14 Example: A student wants to check “c” for an unknown substance. She adds 230J of heat to 0.50kg of the substance. The temperature rises 4.0K.

15 summary T ~ avg. KE most substances undergo thermal expansion (note the water exception) heat is an exchange of thermal energy specific heat = heat needed to raise temp. of 1kg by 1C (substance dependent)

16 Thermodynamics flow and effect of thermal energy on matter (solids, liquids, gases) temperature and internal energy heat engines