Scientific Revolution Chapter 22

Setting the Stage: Renaissance: rebirth of learning and the arts inspired curiosity in other fields. Reformation: people began to challenge the accepted beliefs about God and salvation. Reformation & Scientific Revolution were taking place at the same time in Europe.

Geocentric Theory Aristotle: Earth was at the center of the universe and all other planets revolved around the earth. Christianity backed up the claim, teaching that God placed the Earth at the center. Medieval way of thinking about the universe.

Geocentric Theory - moon, sun, planets revolve around earth - Medieval view

A New Way of Thinking Scientific Revolution: started in mid- 1500s Scholars challenge the old beliefs. Based their thoughts on: OBSERVATION WILLINGNESS TO QUESTION ACCEPTED BELIEFS.

The Road to Discovery Explorers discovering new lands in Africa, Asian and the Americas. New truths were to be found! Astronomy & Mathematics. Navigation tools---ASTROLABE Classical Knowledge had reached its limit…needed new answers.

Heliocentric Theory Nicolaus Copernicus: Rediscovered an old Greek idea that the sun was at the center of the earth. Studied planetary movements for more than 25 years the Earth, stars, and other planets do, in fact, revolve around the Sun. CIRCULAR ORBIT Moon revolved around the Earth Movement of the sun was Earth’s movement on its axis

Copernicus’ heliocentric theory

Johannes Kepler Kepler: Used mathematical laws to prove for a fact that the sun was the center of the universe. Orbits of the planets was elliptical rather then circular. The sun at one focus of the ellipse rather than at the center.

Kepler

Galileo Galilei Built his own telescope to further study astronomy. Discovered what the planets were made of. Planets composed of material like that of Earth. Starry Messenger: Jupiter had four moons The Sun had dark spots Moon’s surface was rough and uneven

Conflict with the Church Galileo’s findings were against all church teachings and authority. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Copernicus & Ptolemy’s ideas presented. Galileo supported Copernicus’s ideas. Galileo was summoned to the Inquisition.

Standing Trial 1633: Galileo under the threat of torture read aloud a statement confessing that Copernicus was wrong. House arrest for the rest of his life.

Scientific Method Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. Who are the fathers of the method? FRANCIS BACON & RENE DESCARTES

Scientific Method

Francis Bacon Believed scientists relied to heavily on Aristotle. Empiricism Experimental Method: Experiment and then draw conclusions.

Rene Descartes Relied on mathematics and logic rather than experiments. Everything is in question until proved by reason.

Isaac Newton Views universe as vast, perfect mechanical clock Theory of Motion States same forces rule motion of planets, matter in space, earth The Law of Gravity Every object in the universe attracts every other object. The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them.

Medicine & the Human Body Studies in anatomy from corpses completed for the first time in Europe. Andreas Vesalius improves knowledge of anatomy Small Pox vaccine in the late 1700s. Produced by Edward Jenner – world’s first vaccination Inoculation with germs taken from Asia for centuries. Used cowpox to create very first vaccination.

Revolution Spreads New instruments lead to better observations, new discoveries Instruments: Microscope Barometer (predict weather & atmospheric pressure) Thermometer

Chemistry Robert Boyle: Matter made up of smaller primary particles that joined in many different ways. Boyle’s Law: Explains how volume, temperature and pressure of a gas affect each other.