Johannes Gutenberg printed the first Bible. ROOTS Revival of education Pressure for correct texts Slow process of block printing CONSEQUENCES Knowledge explosion Reformation More widespread education Lessening of class distinctions Development of learned class

Johann Tetzel sold indulgences. ROOTS Corruption of medieval religion need for salvation Church doctrine on indulgences CONSEQUENCES The Ninety-Five Theses Protestant churches End of religious uniformity in Western Europe

Nicolaus Copernicus investigated Ptolemaic astronomy. ROOTS Ptolemaic concept of universe Christian sense of Creation New investigation of humanism CONSEQUENCES Heliocentric theory Scientific Revolution New concept of mankind in universe

James II converted to Catholicism ROOTS His father’s High Anglican tendencies Principle of absolutism supported by the Catholic Church England’s split with Rome under Henry VIII CONSEQUENCES Glorious Revolution Parliamentary democracy Supremacy of Parliament Concept of limited government Modern political theory

Syndics of the Cloth guild hired Rembrandt to paint their group Portrait ROOTS Commercial Revolution Independence of Dutch merchants Amsterdam’s position as center of financial world CONSEQUENCES Dutch financial supremacy Wars with Britain and France Rise of bourgeouisie in European society Art of middle class

Jacques Necker was fired ROOTS Overspending of Louis XV Incompetence of Louis XVI Strained social relations among France’s three Estates CONSEQUENCES End of Bourbon monarchy in France French Revolution Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

James Watt invented the steam engine ROOTS Experimental science Atmosphere for creativity in Britain Practical needs CONSEQUENCES Transportation Revolution New source of power Narrowing of world

Friedrich Engels visited his father’s factory ROOTS Industrial Revolution Social injustice Factory Acts Humanitarian- ism CONSEQUENCES Met Marx Rise of active Socialism Russian Revolution

Otto von Bismarck witnessed the humiliation of the king in the 1848 revolutions ROOTS Revolutions of 1848 Rise of Prussia and junker class German disunity CONSEQUENCES German unification Centralization of power in the executive branch World War I

Adolf Hitler dreamed of European Unity ROOTS Outcomes of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany Inflation Anti-Semitism CONSEQUENCES Third Reich Totalitarian societies World War II Holocaust Revived German spirit

Robert Schumann dreamed of European unity ROOTS World War II Decline of French empire Great prosperity of 19 th century Economic nationalism before WWI CONSEQUENCES European Economic Community Move toward European Parliament Euro as a common currency