Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System

Acromegaly l caused by the hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood l also caused by steroid and hGH use –bones of hands, feet, and skull thicken –eyelids, lips, and tongue enlarge –skin thickens and develops furrows

Cretinism l caused by hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during fetal development l Dwarfism l usually severely mentally retarded l yellowish skin color

Diabetes Mellitus l Caused by Hyperglycemia l symptoms include: –polyuria- polydipsia –polyphagia- glucosuria l Two Types or Categories of Diabetes –Type I Diabetes: usually insulin dependent –Type II Diabetes: not usually insulin dependent, but can become so

Type I Diabetes (IDDM) l pancreas does not produce insulin suffiecient insulin l requires regular injections of insulin l most commonly develops in individuals younger than 20 years old (Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus)

Type II Diabetes l also called Maturity Onset Diabetes l much more common type of Diabetes (over 90% of Diabetes cases) l most often occurs in individuals over 40 l most individuals are overweight or clinically obese l blood glucose levels can usually be controlled by diet, exercise, and weight loss and control

Complications from Diabetes l Blindness l Kidney failure l Neuropathy l Slow healing—leads to necrosis l Necrosis often causes gangrene l Gangrene leads to amputation

Diabetic ulcer of the big toe

Gangrene caused by neglect

Treatments for Diabetes l regular insulin injections l Special diet l artificial pancreas l transplantation of the pancreas l transplantation of clusters of Islet Cells l injection of fetal Islet Cells l Insulin pump

Dwarfism l caused by a hyposecretion of hGH during the growth years l causes slow bone growth l epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached l other organs of the body may also fail to grow and develop l treatment requires administration of hGH during childhood

Gigantism l caused by the hypersecretion of hGH during childhood – abnormal increase in bone length and size of other organs l the person is very tall with normal body proportions

Cushing’s Syndrome l caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, especially cortisol l results in redistribution of body fat l spindly arms and legs l rounded moon - faced appearance l hanging abdomen with stretch marks or Striae l individuals often bruises easily l poor wound healing

Myxedema--tissue swelling l caused by hypothyroidism during the adult years l causes facial tissue to swell and look puffy l about 5 times more common in females

Myxedema--tissue swelling l other symptoms include: l Bradycardia l - low body temperature l lethargy l muscle weakness l dry skin and hair- l easily gains weight l sensitivity to cold- hypersensitive to drugs

Pretibial myxedema

Graves’ Disease l caused by hyperthyroidism l may have a slightly enlarged thyroid gland (Goiter) l causes the eyes to protrude (Exophthalmos)

Graves’ Disease l an autoimmune disorder l increased metabolism l heat intolerance l increased sweati l insomnia l weight loss l nervousness l tremors of hands

THE END!