Chapter 18 Deviance and Sport 18 Deviance and Sport C H A P T E R

Chapter Outline Rule Breaking Emotion and Deviant Behavior Violence in Sport Performance Enhancement Through Drugs (continued)

Chapter Outline (continued) Eating Disorders in Sport Hazing in Sport Gambling and Sport Chapter Summary

Definitions Deviant behavior: Behavior that is beyond “normal” behavior; can be good or bad Underconformity: Breaking the rules, not adhering to norms Overconformity: Internalizing the rules to the extreme

Discussion What examples of underconformity and overconformity in sport have you witnessed or been a part of?

Rule Breaking in Sport Occurs accidentally and intentionally. Probably less of this behavior now with increase in officiating, media, TV replays. Organizations promote good behavior. Include steeper penalties for different types.

Examples of Rule Breaking Modifying equipment Committing intentional fouls Faking injuries for time-outs Participating in brawls Often done for strategic advantage

Discussion What should be the limit of acceptance for strategic rule breaking?

Role of Excitement and Emotion Athletes –Stress of competition –Consumed by emotion –Optimal levels of arousal and intensity Fans –Increase in excitement and arousal with tailgating, alcohol use –Hooliganism

Violence in Society Media exposure and occasional leniency to accused offenders who are athletes give perception that athletes are more violent than other segments of society. Sport mirrors society in violent acts and acceptance of violent acts.

On-Field Violence in Sport Demands of collision and contact sports Enforcer roles Societal view of masculinity encouraging warrior mentality Part of the game (5 for fighting, NFL’s Dirtiest Player) Examples: Steve Bertuzzi, Ron Artest

Off-Field Violence in Sport Unclear if on-field violence leads to off-field violence. Alcohol use escalates violence incidence (athletes more prone to binge drinking). Some sports may not cause more violent off-field behavior, but rather attract people who are already more violent. Challenges to manhood occur off the field.

Violence Against Women Three-year study: –Athletes make up 3% of college population, but account for 19% of sexual assaults and 35% of domestic assaults on campus. –Athletes commit one in three sexual assaults. –General population conviction rate is 80% for sexual assaults, but only 38% for athletes. Sense of entitlement

Consequences of On-Field Violent Behavior Shortened careers (and reduced earnings) Pressure to return from injuries, regardless of source Concussions: a change in view recently Negative publicity for teams, leagues, organizations Poor behavior modeling

Discussion How can athletes, coaches, fans, organizations, and the media reduce violence in sport settings?

Performance Enhancers Athletes may use steroids and other drugs to enhance athletic performance: –Increased use and scandals among athletes (Jose Canseco, Bode Miller) –Random drug testing in Olympics and some professional leagues (MLB congressional hearings) Not a new phenomenon, but more media exposure

Types of Drugs Used by Modern Athletes Prescription, over-the-counter: Promote healing; mask pain; risks are long term. Stimulants: In use for decades; increase arousal and energy levels. Anabolic steroids: Increase muscle size, speed, and strength; improves ability of muscles to train quickly after exhaustion. Others: HGH, doping, amino acids.

Key Point In London 2012 Olympics, there will be a record number of drug tests. More than 5,000 blood and urine tests will be administered, and a few weeks later, an additional 1,200 tests will be carried out at the Paralympics at the same venue (Beikoff 2010b).

Potential Issues With Drug Use Growing rejection by fans, parents, kids Withdrawal of financial support Acceptance Long-term health risks Youth athletes emulating the big leagues Females: Risks to future pregnancies Genetic engineering

Discussion How is your enjoyment or interest in watching elite sport altered by allegations or proof of athletes using performance-enhancing drugs?

Responding to Drug Use in Sport IOC and WADA efforts Government involvement (hearings) Sport organizations caring for athletes and seeing it as management and labor issue Media being fair and balanced (not blaming) Parents, educational programs Sport and exercise scientists

Eating Disorders in Sport Up to 33% of female athletes reported to have eating disorders (higher than nonathletes). Sport attracts the disciplined, determined. Includes anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, disordered eating, compulsive exercise. (continued)

Eating Disorders in Sport (continued) Eating disorders among female athletes have increased since Title IX. Coaches and parents can inadvertently encourage eating disorders. Female athlete triad: –Disordered eating –Amenorrhea –Osteoporosis

Hazing in Sport Includes mental or physical harm or anxiety and demeaning or degrading behavior regardless of intent or consent. 80% of college athletes have been hazed. All athletes are at risk. Seen as a rite of passage. Dangerous acts (excessive physical punishment, sexual assault) increase.

Discussion What steps have been taken in recent years to curb hazing in sport?

Gambling in Sport Has always been an important issue for sports organizers: Without public confidence in integrity of the games, the popularity of the games will decline. Players: Chicago “Black Sox,” college basketball, Pete Rose Referees: Tim Donaghy, 2006 World Cup

Gambling on Sport Fans: –48 of 50 U.S. states allow some type of gambling. –Internet makes gambling much easier. –Illegal wagers result in up to $380 billion annually. –Involvement of organized crime is concern. –Online betting is increasing, not yet illegal. –College students who gamble also more likely to engage in other risky behaviors.

Discussion Does the popularity of fantasy sports increase the likelihood that fans will develop a gambling problem?