America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 13 Expansion, War, and Sectional Crisis 1844–1860 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self

I. Manifest Destiny: South and North A. The Push to the Pacific 1. Oregon -Claimed by Britain and US. Agreed to let both nations settle. 1840’s Americans get “Oregon fever.” Thousands migrate. 2. California -3,000 migrants settle in Mexican province California. Mexico grants land for settlers to raise cattle. New England businesses send agents to buy leather for shoes, and they married Californios. Thomas Larkin: one agent who did not want to assimilate, but instead annex California.

I. Manifest Destiny: South and North B. The Plains Indians 1. The Great Plains -Home to nomadic people that hunt buffalo. Tribes include Pawnees, Mandans, Apaches, Comanches, Kiowas, Cheyennes, and Araphos. Desired European horses. 2. The Lakota Sioux -Trade for guns + ammo with French, Spanish, and Americans. Nomadic lives helped avoid outbreaks of disease. Sold buffalo hides to American Fur Co. and Missouri Fur Co. Herds declined and Sioux didn’t demand proper prices.

I. Manifest Destiny: South and North C. The Fateful Election of “Oregon conventions” -Southerners want Texas annexed to keep Britain from making gains in North America. Ohio River Valley + Great Lakes states organize with Democrats and Whigs calling for US control of Oregon Country. 2. “Fifty-four forty or fight!” election centered around Texas and Oregon. Polks wins with slogan “Fifty-four fourty or fight” increasing support for annex of Texas.

II. War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846–1850 A. The War with Mexico, 1846– Polk’s Expansionist Program -Texas voted to join Union, Mexico breaks relations with US. Polk focuses on Mexican provinces CA + NM. Polk sends 2,000 troops to occupy disputed lands. War breaks between Mexico and US. Polk agrees to draw the Oregon boundary line with Britain at 49 th parallel. 2. American Military Successes -Gen. Zachary Taylor by 1846 controlled most of northeast Mexico. Secured CA in Fighting continues with US seizing Mexico City defeating Santa Anna.

II. War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846–1850 B. A Divisive Victory 1. The Wilmot Proviso -North Whigs morally oppose war. David Wilmot proposes slavery be prohibited in territory obtained through war with Mexico. Whigs/anti-slavery Democrats support Wilmot; Rejected by senate. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) US pays Mexico $15 million for 1/3 of Mexico’s territory. 2. Free Soil 3. The Election of 1848

II. War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846–1850 B. A Divisive Victory 1. The Wilmot Proviso 2. Free Soil -”Slave power” conspiracy fear increases in US. To thwart plan northerners started “free-soil movement” + organized Free Soil Party. 3. The Election of Whigs nominate Gen. Taylor (LA slave owner) who did not support expansion of slavery in new territories. Taylor won 47% of pop. Vote and an electoral majority.

II. War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846–1850 C. California Gold and Racial Warfare 1. The Forty-Niners gold discovered in CA. Mass migration to CA and by ,000 men lived in cramped quarters. Gambling, alcohol, prostitution, ruthless treatment of Indians, Mexicans, Chileans, and Chinese common. 2. Racial Warfare and Land Rights -No legal protection for Indians. Indians murdered to take lands. Kidnapped Indians used as labor. Despite treaties with Mexico, whites wanted Californios gone. Many sold land to whites to leave. Whites who settled had success with crops.

II. War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846–1850 D. 1850: Crisis and Compromise 1. Constitutional Conflict -CA ratifies anti-slavery constitution and opens debate for admission to Union (free or slave). Senator Stephen Douglass calls for “popular sovereignty.” 2. A Complex Compromise -Douglas achieves 5 law “Compromise of 1850.” (1) Fugitive Slave Act. (2) CA is a free state. (3) settled boundary dispute between NM and Texas (favors NM). (4) abolished slave trade in District of Columbia. (5) NM and Utah established with popular sovereignty.

III. The End of the Second Party System, 1850–1858 A. Resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act 1. Fugitive Slave Act of Judges of north determine status of alleged fugitive slaves. Blacks get no trial with jury and cannot testify. Northerners resent slave catchers. 2. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) -Aided opposition to fugitive slave act. Northerners call for “personal-liberty laws” to enhance their rights + rights of fugitive slaves in free states. Ableman v Booth (1857) ruled fugitive slave act unconstitutional because it violated rights of Wisconsin citizens.

III. The End of the Second Party System, 1850–1858 B. The Whigs Disintegrate and New Parties Rise 1. The Kansas-Nebraska Act -Stephen Douglas wanted open Permanent Indian Territory by allowing transcontinental RR linking Chicago to CA. Act repealed Missouri Compromise and formed Kansas and Nebraska territories. Region based on popular sovereignty. 2. The Republican and American Parties -Northern Whigs and “anti-Nebraska Democrats” joined Free-Soilers and abolitionists in the new Republican Party. Party staunchly antislavery. strong competition from the American or Know-Nothing Party 3. Bleeding Kansas

III. The End of the Second Party System, 1850–1858 B. The Whigs Disintegrate and New Parties Rise 1. The Kansas-Nebraska Act 2. The Republican and American Parties 3. Bleeding Kansas -Missouri residents crossed the border to elect a proslavery government; most Kansas residents supported free soil; violence erupted. abolitionist John Brown led a free-state militia that murdered five proslavery settlers

III. The End of the Second Party System, 1850–1858 C. Buchanan’s Failed Presidency 1. The Election of Republicans denounce Kansas-Nebraska Act. Nominate John Fremont (free-soiler). American Party split over slavery. James Buchanan (D-PA) won 3 way race. Democrats now the only national party. Republicans split over sectional issues. 2. Dred Scott: Petitioner for Freedom -Slave living in free state of IL sues for his freedom and loses. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney states slaves were not citizens and had no right to sue and Northwest Ordinance and Missouri Compromise were not constitutional.

IV. Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858–1860 A. Lincoln’s Political Career 1. An Ambitious Politician -Lincoln joined the Whig party. Elected to Congress in Opposed spread of slavery. Advocated gradual emancipation + colonization of freed blacks in Africa. Viewed as a moderate. Lost re-election bid and withdrew from politics. Prospered as a lawyer and returned to politics because of Kansas Nebraska Act. 2. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

IV. Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858–1860 A. Lincoln’s Political Career 1. An Ambitious Politician 2. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates -Lincoln leading Republican in IL. Ran against Douglass for Senate in Gave famous “House Divided” speech about slavery dividing the nation. Series of 7 debates where Douglas supported white supremacy; Lincoln advocated economic opportunity for black Americans but not political rights. Douglas won.

IV. Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858–1860 B. The Union Under Siege 1. The Rise of Radicalism -Southern Democrats divided in 1858 into moderates (defended “southern rights” and ironclad protection for slavery) and fire-eaters (repudiated the Union and actively promoted secession). Democrats blame John Browns Raid on Harpers Ferry on Republicans. 2. The Election of Lincoln Republican candidate. Swayed white voters with free-soil platform opposing both slavery and racial equality. Lincoln elected.

IV. Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858–1860 B. The Union Under Siege 1. The Rise of Radicalism -Southern Democrats divided in 1858 into moderates (defended “southern rights” and ironclad protection for slavery) and fire-eaters (repudiated the Union and actively promoted secession). Democrats blame John Browns Raid on Harpers Ferry on Republicans. 2. The Election of 1860